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Transcript
STUDY GUIDE – Cell Cycle, Cell Differentiation, and Cell Regulation 1. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 2. What occurs in the cell cycle (in general)? The Cell cycle is all about growing and dividing, growing and dividing. The purpose of the cell cycle is to create more cells to repair and growh 3. Know the order of the 3 phases and the phases within the 3 phases. 1. Interphase (G1, S, G2) 2. Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase) 3. Cytokinesis 4. Describe what happens in each part of interphase: a. Gap 1 à growth b. Synthesis à replicating DNA c. Gap 2 à growth 5. What are the 4 phases of mitosis? Describe each phase. Prophase à nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin condenses to become chromosomes, spindle fibers form, and centrioles prepare for cell division Metaphase à spindle fibers attach to centromeres and move chromosomes to middle of cell Anaphase à spindle fibers pull the centromeres causing the chromosomes to split apart and move to opposite ends of cell Telophase à nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin, spindle fibers disassemble and centrioles move back together 6. What is the purpose of mitosis? Specifically to split the nucleus In general to help create more cells for growth and repair of the organism 7. True/False. Mitosis produces two different daughter cells. False. Mitosis produces two IDENTICAL daughter cells 8. Where would a cell plate be found? What is its purpose? A cell plate is found in plant cells during cytokinesis to help finish creating 2 new cells 9. Draw a cell in prophase and label the following: cell membrane, nuclear membrane, centrioles, spindle fibers, and chromosomes. 10. Describe cytokinesis. Differentiate between cytokinesis in plants and animals cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm and all of the organelles within the cytoplasm split. At the end of cytokinesis you will have 2 distinct cells. Cytokinesis starts with the creation of the cleavage furrow during telophase. In plants, cytokinesis can’t pinch in the cell wall, so a cell plate is formed within that cell. In animals, the cell membrane can be pinched so it forms a cleavage furrow to pinch the one large cell into two smaller ones. 11. Label the structure on the right with the following terms: centromere, telomere, sister chromatid and chromosome. 1 12. Label the diagram below with the correct phase and write a sentence about what is happening in that phase. #1 is done for you as an example. Prophase: Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatin turns to chrom Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator of cell Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled apart Cytokinesis: 2 new cells made and cytoplasm is split osomes Interphase DNA and organelles replicate, cell prepares to divide Telophase: chromosomes turn to chromatin; nuclear envelope reforms; cleavage B 2.7 13. Define cancer. Uncontrolled cell division 14. Describe how benign and malignant tumors differ. Benign: harmless Malignant: harmful 15. What do internal signals do? Regulate cell division, turn it off and on Example enzymes 16. What do external signals do? Regulate cell division, turn it off and on Example: hormones and growth factors 17. Define checkpoints. What do they do and when do they occur (3 of them)? Regulates cell division, critical points in the cell cycle, determines if cell can move onto the next phase G1, G2, Mitosis 18. What is differentiation for? To create cells that have different functions and structures 19. Do all cells contain the same DNA or different DNA? All contain same DNA except for sperm and egg 20. What are stem cells? Where can they be found? Unspecialized cells, found in embryos, umbilical cords, and bone marrow 2 21. What makes cells unique from each other? Different genes (sections of DNA) are activated 3