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DNA Your Unique Fingerprint DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID WHAT IS DNA? • The material in the nucleus that contains all of the cell’s genetic information. • The nucleus contains the master set of instructions that determines • what each cell will become, • how it will function and • how long it will live before being replaced. YOUR DNA DETERMINES: • If you will be a boy or a girl • How many limbs you will have • The colour of your eyes, hair, skin … • What species we belong to CHROMOSOMES • Every cell in your body has a nucleus • Inside each nucleus you will have 46 chromosomes • ½ of these came from your mom, and ½ came from your dad (23 from each parent) A CLOSER LOOK • When we zoom into one chromosome, we find a long stranded molecule = DNA • The DNA is extremely long and looks like a twisted ladder DNA SAMPLING • DNA samples can be taken from: • Cheek, skin swaps • Blood samples • Hair fibres UH OH! • DNA is identical in all of your cells. • BUT … sometimes, random changes can occur … MUTATIONS • A mutation is a random change in a cell’s genetic information • A mutation can change the way a cell performs its job • Things that may cause a mutation: radiation, chemicals (mercury, lead), environment DNA SCREENING • The process of testing individuals to determine whether they have the gene(s) associated with certain disorders. GENETIC DISORDERS Some disorders that can be tested using DNA screening are: 1. Down Syndrome – tested using an amniocentesis which allows a lab tech to create a karyotype (a map of chromosomes) to determine if trisomy 21 (3 chromosomes at 21 instead of 2) occurs. 2. PKU – tested using a blood sample to look for the presence or absence of certain proteins. This indicated whether a person’s genes are functioning normally. PKU is when a person cannot digest a certain protein in food and the build up can be tragic. 3. Huntington Disease – testing a person to see if they have the gene that causes the disease. Huntington’s affects nerve cells and causes death. THE FUTURE… Altering Genes • Some scientists have been combining DNA from different species to produce a genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic organism. Cloning • The process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism from genes, cells or entire organisms.