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NAME__________________________________________DATE_______________ Chapter 6 Key Concepts IDEA 2 and SB1 A Tour of the Cell Guided Reading Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry 1. Compare microscope types and uses in the following table. Description of Microscope Light Microscope Electron Microscope 2. What is cell fractionation, how is this process completed and what does it allow scientists to do? Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions 3. Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Type of Cell Domains Kingdoms Major Differences between cell types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 4. Why are cells so small? Explain the relationship of surface area to volume. 5. Explain the role of the plasma membrane in terms of cell size. 6. Complete the following table for cell organelle functions. Organelle Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Plasma Membrane Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Peroxisome Microvilli Functions Found in Animal Cell (A) Plant Cell (P) or Both (B) Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microtubules Lysosomes Centrosomes/ Centrioles Flagella Central Vacuole Plasmodesmata Cell Wall Chloroplast Concept 6.3: Eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes 7. Summarize the role and location of the nucleus and its components. 8. Briefly explain how the following terms relate to each other: nucleic acids, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, polypeptide. 9. Summarize the roles and locations of ribosomes within cells. 10. What are some examples of proteins made by free ribosomes? Bound ribosomes? Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell 11. Compare and Contrast the Smooth ER to the Rough ER using the table below. Type of Endoplasmic Functions Reticulum Smooth ER Rough ER 12. Why does alcohol abuse increase tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates? 13. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes. As proteins are synthesized, they are threaded into the lumen of the rough ER. Some of these proteins have carbohydrates attached to them in the ER to form glycoproteins. What does the ER then do with these secretory proteins? 14. The transport vesicles formed from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus. Describe what happens to a transport vesicle and its contents when it arrives at the Golgi. 15. How do the products completed by the golgi find their designated final destination? 16. What is a lysosome? What do they contain? What is their pH? 17. One function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion of particles engulfed by phagocytosis. Describe this process of digestion. What human cells carry out phagocytosis? 18. Describe the process of autophagy. 19. What are some potential problems of inheriting lysosomal storage diseases? 20. Vacuole comparison table. Type of Vacuole Location and Role of Each Vacuole Food Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Central Vacuole 21. Explain how the elements of the endomembrane system (ER, golgi, lysosomes and vacuoles) function together to secrete a protein and to digest a cellular component. Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another 22. Compare and Contrast the Mitochondria and Chloroplast Organelle Parts Description Description of Energy Conversion Mitochondria Cristae Matrix Chloroplast Thylakoid Grana Stroma 23. Recall the relationship of structure to function. Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded? What role do all the individual thylakoid membranes serve? (Same answer for both questions.) Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have ribosomes and their own DNA. Hopefully you recall the endosymbiotic theory, but for now hold onto these facts. They are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell. 24. Explain the important role played by peroxisomes. Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell 25. Describe the three main roles of the cytoskeleton. a. Supportb. Motilityc. Regulation26. Animal cells have a centrosome that contains a pair of centrioles. Plant cells do not have centrioles. What is believed to be the role of centrioles? 27. Compare and contrast cilia and flagella. Include examples of how organisms use these two structures. 28. Microfilaments are solid, and they are built from a double chain of actin. What are four functions of microfilaments? What are the motor proteins that move the microfilaments? 29. How are microfilaments used by animals (muscle cells), amoebas and plant cells? Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities 30. Describe the structure and function of the cell wall. 31. What role do enzymes have in building the cell wall? 32. Describe the structure of an animal cell extracellular matrix. Specifically the roles of collagen and integrins. 33. Explain what plasmodesmata are and their role in movement between plant cells. 34. Complete the following table regarding intercellular junctions in animal tissue Intercellular Junction Role within the cell Type Tight Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions 35. Explain how a macrophage defends a mammal against a bacterial infection. Testing Your Knowledge -Self Quiz Answers 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ 6._____ 7._____ 8._____ Write About It – 1. Take the time to research the mitochondrial disease. Summarize the disease and explain what you find interesting or any misconceptions you had regarding the mitochondria and/or the disease. Use the following website as part of your research: http://www.umdf.org/site/c.8qKOJ0MvF7LUG/b.7934627/k.3711/What_is_Mitochondrial_Disease.htm 2. The following is a 2013 exam free response question: The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ORGANELLES IN THREE CELL TYPES Cell Type Smooth ER Rough ER Mitochondria Cilia Golgi Bodies X Small amounts Small amounts Large number Present Small amount Y Large amount Large amount Moderate number Absent Large amount Z Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification.