Download A Tour of the Cell

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Chapter 6 Key Concepts
IDEA 2 and SB1
A Tour of the Cell
Guided Reading
Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry
1. Compare microscope types and uses in the following table.
Description of Microscope
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
2. What is cell fractionation, how is this process completed and what does it allow scientists to do?
Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
3. Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Type of Cell
Domains
Kingdoms
Major Differences
between cell types
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
4. Why are cells so small? Explain the relationship of surface area to volume.
5. Explain the role of the plasma membrane in terms of cell size.
6. Complete the following table for cell organelle functions.
Organelle
Nucleus
Nuclear
Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Plasma
Membrane
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Microvilli
Functions
Found in Animal
Cell (A) Plant Cell
(P) or Both (B)
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Lysosomes
Centrosomes/
Centrioles
Flagella
Central Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Concept 6.3: Eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
7. Summarize the role and location of the nucleus and its
components.
8. Briefly explain how the following terms relate to each other:
nucleic acids, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, polypeptide.
9. Summarize the roles and
locations of ribosomes within
cells.
10. What are some examples
of proteins made by free
ribosomes? Bound ribosomes?
Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
11. Compare and Contrast the Smooth ER to the Rough ER using the table below.
Type of Endoplasmic
Functions
Reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
12. Why does alcohol abuse increase tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates?
13. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes. As proteins are synthesized, they are threaded into the lumen of the
rough ER. Some of these proteins have
carbohydrates attached to them in the ER to
form glycoproteins. What does the ER then
do with these secretory proteins?
14. The transport vesicles formed from the rough
ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus. Describe
what happens to a transport vesicle and its
contents when it arrives at the Golgi.
15. How do the products completed by the golgi
find their designated final destination?
16. What is a lysosome? What do they contain?
What is their pH?
17. One function of lysosomes is intracellular
digestion of particles engulfed by
phagocytosis. Describe this process of
digestion. What human cells carry out
phagocytosis?
18. Describe the process of autophagy.
19. What are some potential problems of inheriting lysosomal storage diseases?
20. Vacuole comparison table.
Type of Vacuole
Location and Role of Each Vacuole
Food Vacuole
Contractile Vacuole
Central Vacuole
21. Explain how the elements of the endomembrane system (ER, golgi, lysosomes and vacuoles) function together to
secrete a protein and to digest a cellular component.
Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
22. Compare and Contrast the Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Organelle
Parts Description
Description of Energy Conversion
Mitochondria


Cristae
Matrix
Chloroplast



Thylakoid
Grana
Stroma
23. Recall the relationship of structure to function. Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded?
What role do all the individual thylakoid membranes serve? (Same answer for both questions.) Chloroplasts and
mitochondria both have ribosomes and their own DNA. Hopefully you recall the endosymbiotic theory, but for
now hold onto these facts. They are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell.
24. Explain the important role played by peroxisomes.
Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
25. Describe the three main roles of the cytoskeleton.
a. Supportb. Motilityc. Regulation26. Animal cells have a centrosome that contains a pair of centrioles. Plant cells do not have centrioles. What is
believed to be the role of centrioles?
27. Compare and contrast cilia and flagella. Include examples of how organisms use these two structures.
28. Microfilaments are solid, and they are built from a double chain of actin. What are four functions of
microfilaments? What are the motor proteins that move the microfilaments?
29. How are microfilaments used by animals (muscle cells), amoebas and plant cells?
Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
30. Describe the structure and function of the cell wall.
31. What role do enzymes have in building the cell wall?
32. Describe the structure of an animal cell extracellular matrix. Specifically the roles of collagen and integrins.
33. Explain what plasmodesmata are and their role in movement between plant cells.
34. Complete the following table regarding intercellular junctions in animal tissue
Intercellular Junction
Role within the cell
Type
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
35. Explain how a macrophage defends a mammal against a bacterial infection.
Testing Your Knowledge -Self Quiz Answers
1._____
2._____
3._____
4._____
5._____
6._____
7._____
8._____
Write About It –
1. Take the time to research the mitochondrial disease. Summarize the disease and explain what you find interesting or any
misconceptions you had regarding the mitochondria and/or the disease. Use the following website as part of your research:
http://www.umdf.org/site/c.8qKOJ0MvF7LUG/b.7934627/k.3711/What_is_Mitochondrial_Disease.htm
2. The following is a 2013 exam free response question:
The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells.
RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ORGANELLES IN THREE CELL TYPES
Cell Type
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Mitochondria
Cilia
Golgi Bodies
X
Small amounts
Small amounts
Large number
Present
Small amount
Y
Large amount
Large amount
Moderate number
Absent
Large amount
Z
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the
identification.