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Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress ■ Essential Task 1-1: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators. Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Human Drives Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Theories Motivation Motivation & Emotion Explain complex motives Stress Effects (eating, aggression, achievement and sex) Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Measures Sources Opponent Process Cognitive Appraisal Schachter twofactor Coping Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Human Drives Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Theories Motivation Measures Sources Motivation & Emotion Stress Effects Explain complex motives (eating, Coping aggression, achievement and sex) Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Cognitive Appraisal Schachter twofactor Essential Task 1:1 ■ Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior – Instincts for animals – Simple and Complex Drives for humans – ■ Needs ■ Drives (Primary vs. Secondary) ■ Homeostasis Operant conditioning factors ■ Incentives ■ Intrinsic motivators ■ Extrinsic motivators Motives vs. Emotions ■ Motive – Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior – a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. ■ Emotion – Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior Instincts are for animals NOT humans. ■ Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Humans don’t have instincts ■ This theory fell out of favor in psychology ■ A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’ ■ Most important human behaviors are learned ■ Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species ■ Humans have reflexes but not instincts. ■ However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways (or Evolutionary Psychology) Needs vs. Drives ■ A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled. – – – – You need to breathe, drink water and eat food. You need security You need love You need (want) money (lots of it) ■ A need creates a state of arousal called a drive. ■ Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need. ■ If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need. ■ Needs can be biological, emotional, and social. Biological Drives (Primary Drives) ■ Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals - Motivate behavior necessary for survival ■ Hypothalamus – Hunger – Thirst – Sex ■ Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing). Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives ■ The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance. ■ homeostasis indicates that all of our needs have been met and we want for nothing. ■ A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated. Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated ■ Learned drives – Wealth – Success – Fame Operant Conditioning ■ The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments ■ In classical conditioning the response to the stimulus was automatic. In operant conditioning the participant operates on the environment to gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant. Go to work Come home at curfew Operant Conditioning Factors ■ Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a reward. ■ When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior – you do it to get a reward Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire. Elements of Operant Conditioning ■ Reinforcer – A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior more likely to occur again ■ Punisher – A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and makes that behavior less likely to occur again Types of Reinforcement ■ Positive reinforcer (+) ■ Negative reinforcer (-) – Adds something rewarding following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again – Giving a dog a treat for fetching a ball is an example – Removes something unpleasant that was already in the environment following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again – Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache is an example Two General Types of Rewards ■INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within ■EXtrinsic – for something else Intrinsic Motivators ■ Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. ■ It is stronger than external motivation Extrinsic Motivators ■ Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.