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AP Psychology
Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational
concepts to understand behavior with specific
attention to instincts for animals, biological factors
like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant
conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic
versus extrinsic motivators.
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Arousal
Theory
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Human
Drives
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
Motivation
Theories
Motivation
Motivation
& Emotion
Explain complex motives
Stress
Effects
(eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
Theories of
Emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Measures
Sources
Opponent
Process
Cognitive
Appraisal
Schachter
two-factor
Coping
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Arousal
Theory
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Human
Drives
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
Motivation
Theories
Motivation
Motivation
& Emotion
Explain complex motives
Stress
Effects
(eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
Theories of
Emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Measures
Sources
Opponent
Process
Cognitive
Appraisal
Schachter
two-factor
Coping
Essential
Task:
Outline
• Basic motivational concepts to
understand behavior
– Instincts for animals
– Simple and Complex Drives for humans
•
•
•
Needs
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
Homeostasis
– Operant conditioning factors
•
•
•
Incentives
Intrinsic motivators
Extrinsic motivators
Motives vs. Emotions
• Motive
– Specific need or desire, such as hunger,
thirst, or achievement, that prompts goaldirected behavior
– a need or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it towards a goal.
• Emotion
– Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that
underlies behavior
5
Instincts
• Instincts are complex behaviors that
have fixed patterns throughout the
species and are not learned
(Tinbergen, 1951).
Outline
Continued
• Most important human behaviors are learned
• Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found
throughout the species
• Humans have reflexes but not instincts.
• However, we may be predisposed to act certain
ways (Evolutionary Psychology)
7
Needs vs. Drives
• A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled.
–
–
–
–
You need to breathe, drink water and eat food.
You need security
You need love
You need (want) money (lots of it)
• A need creates a state of arousal called a drive.
• Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need.
• If we are driven by our need for achievement (money,
fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need.
• Needs cab be biological, emotional and social.
Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
• Unlearned drive based on a physiological
state found in all animals
- Motivate behavior necessary for survival
• Hypothalamus
– Hunger
– Thirst
– Sex
• Evolutionary psychology talks about the
four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and
reproducing).
Homeostasis (explains why we
stop fulfilling biological drives)
• The ability or tendency of an
organism to maintain internal
equilibrium or balance.
• A state of psychological
equilibrium obtained when
tension or a drive has been
reduced or eliminated.
Secondary Drives (not
biologically dictated)
• Learned drives
• Wealth
• Success
• Fame
Operant Conditioning
• You do things to get rewards and to
avoid punishments
Go to work
Come home
at curfew
Operant Conditioning Factors
• Incentives – environmental cues that trigger
a motive or a desire for a reward.
• When a stimulus creates goal-directed
behavior – you do it to get a reward
Seeing a cue
stimulates a
motive. This is why
ads use sex. It gets
attention and
stimulates a desire.
Two General Types of Rewards
•INtrinsic – from the
action itself or from within
•EXtrinsic – for
something else
Intrinsic Motivators
• Refers to motivation that comes from
inside an individual rather than from
any external or outside rewards, such
as money or grades.
• It is stronger than external motivation
Extrinsic Motivators
• Refers to motivation that comes from
external or outside rewards, such as
money or grades.