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The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms Instincts ◦ Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned When people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced Drive ◦ Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need Primary drive ◦ Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species as a whole Secondary drives ◦ Needs are brought about by prior experience and learning Homeostasis ◦ A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Arousal Approaches to Motivation ◦ We try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary Incentive approaches to motivation ◦ Suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives Suggest that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals Intrinsic motivation ◦ Causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment Extrinsic motivation – Causes us to do something for some concrete, tangible reward Self Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Needs Physiological Needs Self-actualization ◦ State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way Obesity ◦ Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a given height Hypothalamus Weight set point ◦ The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Metabolism ◦ The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body as destined through heredity External social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior Associations of food with comfort and consolation via classical and operant conditioning Escape from unpleasant thoughts Settling point ◦ Determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live Anorexia nervosa ◦ A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Bulimia ◦ A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, and then purges