Download Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress - Ms. Anderson

Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
■ Essential Task 1-1: Identify and apply basic motivational
concepts to understand behavior with specific attention
to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives,
and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like
incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Arousal
Theory
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of
Needs
Human
Drives
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
Motivation
Theories
Motivation
Motivation &
Emotion
Explain complex motives
Stress
Effects
(eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
Theories of
Emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Measures
Sources
Opponent
Process
Cognitive
Appraisal
Schachter twofactor
Coping
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Arousal
Theory
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of
Needs
Human
Drives
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
Motivation
Theories
Motivation
Measures
Sources
Motivation &
Emotion
Stress
Effects
Explain complex motives (eating,
Coping
aggression, achievement and sex)
Theories of
Emotion
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Opponent
Process
Cognitive
Appraisal
Schachter twofactor
Essential Task 1:1
■
Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior
– Instincts for animals
– Simple and Complex Drives for humans
–
■
Needs
■
Drives (Primary vs. Secondary)
■
Homeostasis
Operant conditioning factors
■
Incentives
■
Intrinsic motivators
■
Extrinsic motivators
Motives vs. Emotions
■ Motive
–
Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed
behavior
– a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
■ Emotion
– Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior
Instincts are for animals NOT humans.
■ Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species
and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Humans don’t have instincts
■ This theory fell out of favor in psychology
■ A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’
■ Most important human behaviors are learned
■ Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species
■ Humans have reflexes but not instincts.
■ However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways (or Evolutionary
Psychology)
Needs vs. Drives
■ A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled.
–
–
–
–
You need to breathe, drink water and eat food.
You need security
You need love
You need (want) money (lots of it)
■ A need creates a state of arousal called a drive.
■ Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need.
■ If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we
keep working to fulfill this need.
■ Needs can be biological, emotional, and social.
Biological Drives (Primary Drives)
■ Unlearned drive based on a physiological state
found in all animals
- Motivate behavior necessary for survival
■ Hypothalamus
– Hunger
– Thirst
– Sex
■ Evolutionary psychology talks about the four
Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).
Homeostasis – explains why we stop
fulfilling biological drives
■ The ability or tendency of an
organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance.
■ homeostasis indicates that all of our needs have been
met and we want for nothing.
■ A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when
tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.
Secondary Drives – not biologically
dictated
■ Learned drives
– Wealth
– Success
– Fame
Operant Conditioning
■ The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid
punishments
■ In classical conditioning the response to the stimulus was automatic. In operant
conditioning the participant operates on the environment to gain something desired
or avoid something unpleasant.
Go to work
Come home
at curfew
Operant Conditioning Factors
■ Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a
reward.
■ When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior – you do it to get a
reward
Seeing a cue stimulates
a motive. This is why ads
use sex. It gets attention
and stimulates a desire.
Elements of Operant Conditioning
■ Reinforcer
– A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and makes that
behavior more likely to occur again
■ Punisher
– A stimulus or event that follows a behavior and
makes that behavior less likely to occur again
Types of Reinforcement
■ Positive reinforcer
(+)
■ Negative reinforcer
(-)
– Adds something
rewarding following a
behavior, making that
behavior more likely
to occur again
– Giving a dog a treat
for fetching a ball is
an example
– Removes something
unpleasant that was already
in the environment following a
behavior, making that
behavior more likely to occur
again
– Taking an aspirin to relieve a
headache is an example
Two General Types of Rewards
■INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within
■EXtrinsic – for something else
Intrinsic Motivators
■ Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any
external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.
■ It is stronger than external motivation
Extrinsic Motivators
■ Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside
rewards, such as money or grades.