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Transcript
Cellular Structures and Organelles Nucleus Lysosomes Vacuole Centrioles Cilia and Flagella Ribosomes Cell membrane Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplasts Cell wall Nucleus • Surrounded by double layer MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR Envelope • Serves as the Control CENTER OF THE CELL • Nuclear Pores allow molecules in and out Nucleus • CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) • DNA is scrunched up as Chromosomes in DIVIDING CELLS • DNA is spread out as Chromatin in NONDIVIDING CELLS Nucleolus Located in the nucleus and produces Ribosomes. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm – contains all the cytosol (jelly like fluid) and organelles in between the nucleus and cell membrane. • Found in all Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes • Sac containing hydrolytic enzymes • FUNCTION: Digests old cell organelles or parts • Plays a role in PCD “programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the Organism • Found in most cells except plant cells • Formed from the ends of Golgi that pinch off Vacuole • STORAGE SPACE FOR: Proteins, Ions, Wastes, and cell products such as glucose • Huge in Plant cells, small in Animal cells, NOT in Prokaryotic cells. Centrioles • Only seen in Animal cells during cell division • Function: Separate chromosome pairs during Mitosis Cillia and Flagella • Cilia are short, more numerous hair like structures • CILIA: FUNCTION Movement and Feeding Flagella Flagella are long whip like tails FLAGELLA: FUNCTION Movement Ribosomes • Can be Free Floating in the cytosol or Attached to the surface of Rough ER • FUNCTION: Site for Protein Synthesis (where proteins are made) • Most numerous organelle Cell (plasma) Membrane • Separates the cytoplasm of the cell from its environment • Protects the cell & controls what enters and leaves • Composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules • Certain small molecules such as CO2, H2O, & O2 can easily pass through the phospholipids Cell Membrane HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID Bilayer (two layers) with POLAR heads facing the water and NON-POLAR tails facing away from the water Cell Membrane • Phospholipids and proteins Drift or move side to side for short distances. • Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the Fluid Mosaic model. • Membranes are Selectively Permeable (Semipermeable) when they allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out. Mitochondria • Contains its own DNA to make more mitochondria when needed. • Called the Power House of cell • Burns Glucose to release energy. Stores energy released as ATP. Golgi Apparatus • Looks like a stack of flattened Sacs called cisternea. • FUNCTION: Modify, sort, and package substances from ER for Transport out of cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Two Types – Rough ER and Smooth ER • Internal network of folded membranes in the cytoplasm. • Rough ER has Ribosomes on its surface, while Smooth does not. • FUNCTION ER: Site of cellular chemical reactions Chloroplasts • Has its own ________ • Double membrane sacs called Thylakoids contain CHLOROPHYLL where Photosynthesis happens. Stacks of thylakoids are called Grana. Gel like material around thylakoids is called Stroma. • FOUND ONLY IN Plant CELLS Cell Wall • Found OUTSIDE the Cell Membrane. • Provides Support & Protection. • Cellulose in the cell wall makes plant cells sturdy. • Bacteria have cell walls made of Chitin instead of cellulose.