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Transcript
The Cell ORGANELLES Organelles “Little organs” Specialized cellular compartments Specialized functions Construction and management of proteins Most are bound by membranes Endomembrane system Chromatin Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Cytosol Lysosome Centrioles Centrosome matrix Cytoskeletal elements • Microtubule • Intermediate filaments Nuclear envelope Nucleus Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Figure 3.2 Organelles Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) Golgi complex Lysosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Very active in cells that require a lot of ATP Muscle Liver Kidney Only significant site of oxygen use within cell Site of most ATP synthesis Mitochondria Enclosed by a double membrane “Power plants” Outer mitochondrial membrane Ribosome Mitochondrial DNA (a) Inner mitochondrial membrane Cristae Matrix (c) Enzymes (b) Figure 3.17 Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis “Factories” Free in cytoplasm or attached to membranes Composed of RNA and protein Two subunits Endoplasmic Reticulum Two distinct types Smooth Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, calcium regulation and drug detoxification Rough Protein synthesis Continuous with nuclear membrane “Highways” Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER Ribosomes (a) Diagrammatic view of smooth and rough ER Figure 3.18a Golgi Complex Stacks of flattened sacs Associated with ER Functions Process molecules Sort proteins Deliver proteins “Shipping and receiving” Rough ER Phagosome ER membrane Proteins in cisterna Plasma membrane Lysosome containing acid hydrolase enzymes Vesicle becomes lysosome Golgi apparatus Vesicle contents destined for exocytosis Secretory vesicle Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Figure 3.20 Golgi Complex Very active in Pancreas Cells that secrete antibodies Lysosomes Round membranous sacs Bud off of the Golgi Complex Contain digestive enzymes “waste disposal service” Nucleus Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Rough ER Vesicle Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Lysosome Transport vesicle Figure 3.22 Lysosomes Phagocytosis “cellular eating” Endocytosed vesicle is fused with a lysosome Endocytosis 1 Coated pit ingests substance. Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytoplasm 2 Protein- coated vesicle detaches. 3 Coat proteins detach and are recycled to plasma membrane. Transport vesicle Endosome 4 Uncoated vesicle fuses with a sorting vesicle called an endosome. Lysosome 5 Transport vesicle containing membrane components moves to the plasma membrane for recycling. 6 Fused vesicle may (a) fuse (a) with lysosome for digestion of its contents, or (b) deliver its contents to the plasma membrane on the opposite side of the cell (transcytosis). (b) Figure 3.12 Lysosomes Other roles Formation of fingers “suicide packets” Diseases Tay Sachs Rheumatoid arthritis Chromatin Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Cytosol Lysosome Centrioles Centrosome matrix Cytoskeletal elements • Microtubule • Intermediate filaments Nuclear envelope Nucleus Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Figure 3.2 Nucleus “city hall” Membrane bound = regulation Contains Chromatin Nucleolus Nuclear pores Nuclear envelope Chromatin (condensed) Nucleus Nucleolus Cisternae of rough ER (a) Figure 3.29a