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Transcript
Cell Structure and Function Cells • Smallest living unit • Most are microscopic Characteristics of All Cells • • • • A surrounding membrane Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid Organelles – structures for cell function Control center with DNA Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotic Cells • No membrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan Representative Animal Cell Representative Plant Cell Organelles • Tiny cell structures that are specialized parts of a cell that have specific functions – a cell “organ.” Plant Cell Animal Cell CELL MEMBRANE • – “gate keeper” • outer boundary (or layer) of the cell • controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Cell Parts and Functions Cell Membrane Protects the cell Lets things in and out of the cell Location: around the cell Common features of all cells 1. Cell Membrane – selectively/ differentially permeable (lets some things in and out) CELL WALL • found in plant cells • tough rigid boundary – made of cellulose • gives cells their shape (it also provides protection, as well as support) Cell Wall Differences • Plants – mostly cellulose • Surrounds plasma membrane CYTOPLASM • – “cell fluid” • a gel-like material inside the cell • Many cellular activities occur here and where the organelles are contained Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm – Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol – Organelles (not nucleus) – storage substances Cell Parts and Functions Cytoplasm Gel-like substances, holds all Organelles in cell Location: in cell NUCLEUS – “brain of the cell” • controls cell processes • Contains DNA or chromosomes - the heredity material or genetic blueprint of the cell Nucleus • Control center of cell • Double membrane • Contains – Chromosomes – Nucleolus DNA • Hereditary material • Chromosomes – DNA – Protiens – Form for cell division • Chromatin NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • – materials pass in and out through tiny holes called porins Cell Parts and Functions Nuclear Membrane Protects nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Location: around nucleus cell NUCLEOLUS • – ribosomes are made here Cell Parts and Functions Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Makes ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus (dark spot) cell Nucleolus • Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes CHLOROPLASTS • – “energy processing organelles” • found only in plant cells • place where food is made for plant cells Chloroplasts • Derived form photosynthetic bacteria • Solar energy capturing organelle Cell Structures and Functions Chloroplast Traps suns energy and Makes food Location: in plant cells MITOCHONDRIA • – “powerhouse” • converts food (glucose) to energy (ATP) Cell Parts and Functions Mitochondria Makes energy/ powerhouse Location: in cytoplasm Mitochondria • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) – Glucose – Fatty acids • Release energy – ATP RIBOSOMES • – “protein factories” • place where protein is made in the cells • some are attached – some float in the cytoplasm Cell Parts and Functions Ribosome Makes proteins Location: in cytoplasm or Attached to E.R. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • – “conveyer belt” • transports synthesized proteins throughout the cell Cell Parts and Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane Rough E.R. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface – Manufacture protiens – Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER • May modify proteins from ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules – Carbohydrates – Lipids GOLGI BODIES (Apparatus) • sort, modify, process, and ship the proteins through the cell • (Also known As GOLGI Apparatus) Golgi Apparatus • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell Cell Parts and Functions Golgi Bodies/Apparatus Packages and secretes (gets rid of) waste Location: in cytoplasm GOLGI APPARATUS VACUOLES “storage” • store water, sugar, salts, nutrients, & wastes in cells • maintains the proper pressure to provide structure and support in plant cells • – Vacuoles • Membrane bound storage sacs • More common in plants than animals • Contents – Water – Food – wastes Cell Parts and Functions Vacuole Stores food and water Location: in cytoplasm Vacuole LYSOSOMES • contain chemicals that break down waste materials. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions – Aid in cell renewal – Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders Cell Parts and Functions Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes Destroys bacteria, old cell parts… Location: in cytoplasm