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Transcript
• Cells are the basic units of all life. • All Organisms are made of one or more cells. • All Cells arise from existing cells. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells are simple in structure, with no recognizable organelles including a nucleus. They have an outer cell wall that gives them shape. Prokaryotic Cells are typically much smaller and less complex. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells are higher order cells including plants and animals cells. These cells contain specialized organelles that allow the cells to adapt to specific functions. Nucleus The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. The Nucleus is the control center of the cell The DNA regulates the function of the cell Nucleus The DNA and other proteins also condense to form chromosomes inside the nucleus. When it is not condensed it is called Chromatin Nucleolus Also within the nucleus is the nucleolus. Its function is to manufacture the ribosomes, which are then transferred out to the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is the manufacturing site of the cell There are 2 types of ER : Smooth ER and Rough ER. The rough ER contains ribosomes, and the smooth E.R. does not. Smooth ER The smooth ER make lipids, or fats, processes carbohydrates, and modifies toxic chemicals. Rough ER The rough ER along with the ribosomes manufactures proteins. Ribosomes The ribosome are the workers of the cell, building proteins that the cell needs. Ribosomes connect amino acids in chains of protein. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus and transported to the rough ER. Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Bodies are the UPS of the cell. The molecules that are manufactured in the ribosomes are transported by the golgi apparatus. Proteins from the ER are sorted, often modified, packaged, and distributed to their destinations. Mitochondria The mitochondria is the power plant of the cell. It changes the energy stored in food compounds into ATP, adenosine triphosphate, useful energy for the cell ATP Animal cells usually contain more mitochondrion Vacuoles Vacuoles are the warehouses of the cell. Vacuoles may absorb excess water, store proteins, ions, and waste products of the cell. Vacuoles are more predominant in plant cells. Lysosomes The recycling trucks of the cell. Lyosomes contain digestive enzymes that break apart larger molecules and dead organelles inside the cell. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a semifluid substance made primarily of water and organic compounds, in which the organelles are suspended. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that provide the cell with its internal structure. The Cytoskeleton also aids in the movement of organelles inside the cell. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is the fence or gate that allows certain things into a cell and keeps other things out. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, which is a thin layer of phospholipids and proteins Cell Wall The cell wall is a tough rigid structure made of cellulose. The cell wall only surrounds plant cells. Cell Walls • All plants have a primary cell wall • Woody plants have a secondary cell wall making the plant more rigid • Inbetween the cells is a jellylike substance called the middle lamela it is made from PECTIN Chloroplast Chloroplast is the green organelle in plant cells that enables the plant cell to make sugar in the process of photosynthesis. Chromoplasts Chromoplasts are all the other colored organelles in plant cells that enables the plant cell to make sugar in the process of photosynthesis. LOTS O CHLOROPLASTS