Download BIO 220 Chapter 8 lecture outline Vocabulary Central dogma of

BIO 220
Chapter 8 lecture outline
Vocabulary
Central dogma of biology
More vocabulary
Prokaryotic chromosome
Horizontal vs. vertical gene transfer
DNA replication
Review of DNA structure
Semiconservative replication
Prokaryotic protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic differences
Control of gene expression
Constitutive
Pre-transcriptional control
Inducible operons
lac operon
Repressible operons
trp operon
Positive control
lac operon
Epigenetic control
Post-transcriptional control
microRNA
Changes in genetic material
Mutations
Types
Silent
Base substitution (point mutation)
Missense
Nonsense
Frameshift
Mugatens
Nitrous acid
Nucleoside analogs
Aflatoxin
Radiation
Identification of mutants
Positive and negative selection
Ames test
Horizonal gene transfer
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Plasmids & transposons
Objective questions
1. Be able to define all of the vocabulary used in lecture.
2. What is the central dogma of biology? Who proposed this theory?
3. What is the difference between the terms genotype and phenotype? Are bacteria typically
diploid or haploid? What do diploid and haploid mean?
4. How many chromosomes does the typical bacterial cell have? In what form do these
chromosomes exist? Are they associated with histone proteins?
5. What is horizontal gene transfer? Vertical gene transfer?
6. Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule. The strands of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule are antiparallel. What does that mean? What are the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA
strand?
7. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzymes are involved? What do they
contribute to the process? What does semiconservative replication mean? What are the
leading and lagging strands of DNA?
8. Describe the process of prokaryotic transcription and translation. How does this compare
to protein synthesis occurring in eukaryotic cells?
9. What is meant by the “degeneracy” of the genetic code?
10. What does it mean when a gene is constitutively expressed?
11. Describe the operation of the lac and trp operons.
12. What is the function of microRNAs?
13. What is a mutation? Are mutations always deleterious?
14. Differentiate between different types of mutations.
15. Describe the mode of action for mutagens discussed in lecture.
16. How can positive and negative selection be used to identify mutants? What is replica
plating? What is an auxotroph?
17. What is the purpose of the Ames test? How does it work?
18. Describe bacterial transformation. What is the role of RecA in transformation?
19. Describe bacterial conjugation. How is it different from transformation? What is an Hfr
cell? How is it formed? How can bacterial conjugation be used for chromosome
mapping?
20. Describe bacterial generalized transduction.
21. What are plasmids? Identify different types of plasmids. What are transposons?