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Transcript
Major Cell Organelles Now, we can turn our focus onto the internal components of most living cells. Remember cellular structure is closely tied to biological function, that is, the function that a cellular component must complete in order for the cell to survive results in a structure that allows that cellular component to function optimally. I am presenting the organelles alphabetically, not by importance or abundance. Organelle Chloroplast Present In ! plant cells Description ! football-shaped structure with a highly folded and stacked internal membrane embedded with many Function ! the enzymes convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into organic molecules used to store energy for growth and repair enzymes Endoplasmic Reticulum ! both plant and animal cells ! a series of interconnecting cytoplasmic channels ! can be rough if coated with ribosomes or smooth if lacking ribosomes ! produce new vacuoles ! separates the cell into specialized areas (if needed) ! distribute chemicals throughout the cell ! smooth ER plays a role in lipid synthesis and lipid digestion ! rough ER plays a significant role in manufacturing proteins needed by the cell Example Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria ! both plant and animal cells ! is a series of flattened sacs associated with small vacuoles ! works with the ER and cell membrane to sort and package chemicals into vacuoles to move chemicals to where needed (including out of cells–e.g. new fingernail) ! animal cells ! surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids with a thin depressed circular area ! contain digestive enzymes which protects the cells by keeping them segregated but can be released when they fuse with food vacuoles to digest vacuole contents (including worn out cellular components) ! both plant and animal cells ! bean-shaped structure with a highly folded internal membrane embedded with many enzymes ! the enzymes, along with oxygen, break down food into energy and waste products Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuole ! both plant and animal cells ! typically rounder structure surrounded by a nuclear membrane (lipid bilayer) ! has pores ! contains nucleoplasm which houses DNA ! may contain one or more nucleoli ! contains the hereditary material, deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA bound up in chromatin which periodically condenses into chromosomes ! chromatin directs the synthesis of molecules needed by the cell ! chromosomes ensure cell division ! nucleoli are used to manufacture ribosomes which end up in the cytoplasm ! both plant and animal cells ! small structures made up of protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid) ! can be free within the cytoplasm but typically are found on ER to make it the rough ER ! produce new protein molecules needed by the cell ! both plant and animal cells ! in animal cells, there are many small open-looking structures ! typically one large open-looking structure in plant cells ! have no distinct shape but often more or less round ! temporarily houses food and water ! allow digested nutrients to diffuse out of the vacuole into the cytoplasm of the cell as needed ! some vacuoles will contain wastes and they migrate to the cell membrane to pinch closed forcing wastes out of the cell (contractile vacuoles look like a star as they complete this function) Prepared by K. Zuber