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Download Learning objectives: • Define the terms `Gene` and `Chromosome
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Learning objectives: • Define the terms ‘Gene’ and ‘Chromosome’ • Identify where chromosomes are found in the body • Describe the basic structure of a chromosome 1" Genes A gene is a unit of inheritance. " 2" Genes ! Genes are made up of DNA ! A gene is a segment of DNA ! Genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. " 3" Genes A gene is one of the programs/codes which construct a living organism and cause it to function. One of the programs/codes for making feather colour One of the programs/codes for making head shape 4" Genes! ! In humans, " genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. 5" Genes! ! There are 3.2 billion base pairs in our genome (all the genes). ! The Human Genome Project (1990-2003) has estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. 6" Genes! ! Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes (less than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different between people. ! These small differences contribute to each person’s unique physical features – Phenotype. 7" Genes Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. These are called alleles. ! Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases (a bit like like non-identical twins) because they come from two different people – your parents. 8" From genes to proteins to YOU Genotype the genetic code, your DNA. Phenotype the physical traits, the way you look. 9" Phenotype and Genotype Phenotype = Appearance or Traits. What it looks like. Genotype = DNA sequence or Genes The genetic blueprint that carries information about what it looks like. 10" ! What is a Chromosome? ! ! All our genetic information is held within the DNA. ! Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins that are the building blocks of life. ! Genes make chromosomes. 11" Chromosomes ! Only when cells divide, DNA condenses (gets bunched up) and forms chromosomes. This is when we can see them under the microscope. " This can happen during: 1. Mitosis – two identical cells are formed, used for growth, maintenance and repair of our body. 2. Meiosis – to form sex cells (egg and sperm). 12" Chromosomes Every cell in the human body, apart from mature red blood cells (these don’t have nuclei or organelles), contains a set of chromosomes in its nucleus. In human body cells (except gametes – egg and sperm) there are 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. chromosomes centromere nucleus Cell about to divide 13 Chromosomes ! Each species have different numbers of chromosomes in their cells. (This includes all living things on Earth – insects, animals, plants etc.) ! Each species has a unique chromosome complement (make up/arrangement) – these vary in size, shape and number. ! Human – 46 chromosomes ! Jumper Jack Ant – 2 chromosomes ! Aquatic Rat – 92 chromosomes ! Pineapple - 50 chromosomes 14" Chromosome 15" Genes Chromosomes Genome 16" In humans, of the 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 in total. • 22 pairs are called autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). • The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes – these determine the gender of the individual (male or female) Two chromosome partners = one from mum and one from dad Autosomes (non-sex) Sex Chromosomes normal human female chromosome complement normal human male chromosome complement 17"