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Transcript
Introduction to Cells SJCHS November 2010 Cell Theory • All life is made of 1 or more cells • Cells are the basic units of structure and organization of life • Cells only arise from previously existing cells and pass on copies of their DNA Cells •Cell Size: between 1- 100 micrometers Eukaryotic Cells • DNA in nucleus • Can be unicellular or multicellular • Have Organelles Prokaryotic Cells • DNA not in nucleus • Lacks most organelles • Mainly unicellular • Examples: Bacteria or Archaea Prokaryotic Cells • DNA in nucleoid region • Bacteria: No protein, no introns; Archaea: Protein and DNA, some introns • Have ribosomes, RNA, Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Flagella Review • In a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. Make sure to include specifics about their internal structure. Eukaryotic Cells • Endomembrane system: Make, modify, and/or transport cellular products Eukaryotic Cells • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Two types • Rough ER: Has ribosomes on it that produce proteins • Smooth: Produces lipids, detoxify cells Eukaryotic Cells • Vesicles: Membranous spheres transport substances in the cell Eukaryotic Cells • Golgi Apparatus: Receives, modifies, stores, and distributes chemical products inside and outside the cell Eukaryotic Cells • Vacuoles: Store chemicals or liquid Eukaryotic Cells • Lysosomes (animal only): Enzyme filled structure that breaks down macromolecules, bacteria, damaged organelles • Digestive enzymes packaged so cell not destroyed Signaling • Cells communicate with chemical signals • Neighboring cells: Direct contact, sending chemical signals • Hormones: Chemicals that affect cells throughout body Signaling • Signal transduction pathway • Signaling cell releases specific chemical • Chemical binds with receptor protein • Proteins direct response • Change shape, activate enzyme, secrete chemical, cause transcription Lost Signal Target Ignores Signal Signal Doesn’t Reach Target Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Too Much Signal Video Review • Cells in saliva glands excrete an enzyme that breaks down food. • Starting with the DNA in the nucleus, explain how the enzyme in the cell would be made, processed, excreted from the cell, and how excess amounts of the enzyme could be broken down or stored inside of the cell. • Make sure to include which organelles are involved and what their function is. Eukaryotic Cells • Cilia: Back and forth motion; moves substances across cell surface • Flagella: Whip-like motion Flagella Video Eukaryotic Cells • Energy Conversion • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (light to glucose) • Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration (glucose to ATP) ATP •ATP (Adenosine triphosphate): A chemical which the cell uses to supply energy • Breakdown of chemical energy in food is used to generate ATP ATP • Final phosphate in ATP is unstable and there is a tendency for it to break away, releasing energy • Left with ADP and phosphate (can be used with other molecules) ATP • Phosphate Transfer: Released phosphate transferred to other molecules, helps the cell perform work (mechanical, transportation, chemical) Eukaryotic Cells • Plasma Membrane: Boundary of Cell • Phospholipid: Protein/Lipid structure that has a hydrophillic “head” and hydrophobic “tail” • Phospholipid Bilayer: Two layered, phospholipid membrane arranged tail to tail; selectively permeable Eukaryotic Cells • Membrane Proteins: Maintain shape, signaling, transportation, joining cells, enzyme activity • Carbohydrates: Cell identification Eukaryotic Cells • Fluid Mosaic Model: Plasma membrane and the proteins in it are not rigidly locked in place; molecules can move past each other Review • How can a cell move itself? • What is the plasma membrane? Describe the structure. • Concept Map: Energy, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, ATP, ADP, phosphate, phosphate transfer Transportation- Small • Diffusion (passive): Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until there is equilibrium • Small molecules go through membrane (O2, CO2) Transportation-Small • Osmosis (passive): Water movement to equal out solute concentration • Solute: Chemical that dissolves in water Transportation-Small • Concentration of solution is relative • Hypotonic solution: Low concentration • Hypertonic solution: High concentration • Isotonic solutions: Equal concentrations Transportation-Small • Osmoregulation: Organisms balancing water uptake and loss Transportation-Large • Facilitated Diffusion (passive): Molecules move through transport proteins Transportation- Large • Exocytosis: Moving large molecules out of cell using vacuole Transportation- Large • Endocytosis: Moving large molecules into cell using vacuole • Transportation-Large • Receptor mediated endocytosis: Moving specific large molecules into cell using receptor proteins Transportation-Large or Small • Active transport: Transporting molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations • Specific protein pumps in membrane transports specific molecules Review • Concept Map: Active Transport, Plasma Membrane, Passive Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic, Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis