Download Interesting Facts of Cell

Interesting Facts of Cell Cell is a basic unit of life inside of every single organism in all of the living creators in earth, including human being. Small-­‐organized structure components that is capable of metabolism activity that hold all of the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on earth. One human body may have hundreds of types of cells. Some cells are used to carry oxygen (O2) through the blood, which is red blood cells, and others might be specific to the heart. It contains of genetic material such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other substances. There are 2 types of cells: • Prokaryotic: a single cell (unicellular) that contains the protein. Example: bacteria, blood cell, sperm, amoeba -­‐
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Flagellum: a tail – like enable movement of the cell. Pili: sticks with another side Nucleoid: contains DNA of the cell (More info? Scroll down) • Eukaryotic: consisted of more than one cell (multicellular) Example: plants, animals Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell wall -­‐ surrounds the cell -­‐ protects and supports the cell -­‐ give shapes to cells Cell membrane Cell membrane -­‐ also called as plasma membrane -­‐ also called as plasma membrane -­‐ thin layer or fat and proteins -­‐ thin layer or fat and proteins semi – permeable membrane (it filters -­‐ semi – permeable membrane (it filters and controls the entry of substances into and controls the entry of substances into or out of cell) or out of cell) Vacuole Vacuole -­‐ small fluids -­‐ 1 large fluid -­‐ contains water and dissolved minerals -­‐ contains water and dissolved minerals (storage areas for food, minerals, and (storage areas for food, minerals, and waste) waste) -­‐ helps to maintain the cell shape -­‐ helps to maintain the cell shape Cytoplasm Cytoplasm -­‐ a jellylike material -­‐ a jellylike material -­‐ contains the cells’ organelles -­‐ contains the cells’ organelles located between cell membrane and -­‐ located between cell membrane and nuclear membrane nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane -­‐ surrounds the nucleus, holds the nucleus -­‐ surrounds the nucleus, holds the nucleus together together Nucleus Nucleus -­‐ spherical, usually in the center, bounded -­‐ spherical, usually in the center, bounded by nuclear membrane by nuclear membrane -­‐ contains the information to run or control -­‐ contains the information to run or the cell (like the cell’s brain) control the cell (like the cell’s brain) -­‐ contains DNA (genetic material) in the -­‐ contains DNA (genetic material) in the chromosomes chromosomes (no Cell Wall) Nucleolus -­‐ inside the nucleus -­‐ contains more genetic information (RNA) Centrosome -­‐ also called as microtubules organizing center -­‐ a small body near nucleus with a dense center and radiating tubules -­‐ during a cell division (mitosis), it divides and moves to opposite side of the dividing cells -­‐ it has no centriols -­‐ microtubules -­‐> hollow cylinder that supports cells (no Chloroplast) Nucleolus -­‐ inside the nucleus -­‐ contains more genetic information (RNA) Centrosome -­‐ also called as microtubules organizing center -­‐ a small body near nucleus with a dense center and radiating tubules -­‐ during a cell division (mitosis), it divides and moves to opposite side of the dividing cells -­‐ it has no centriols -­‐ microtubules -­‐> hollow cylinder that supports cells Chloroplast -­‐ an elongated disk – shaped -­‐ contains chlorophyll ( a green magnesium based molecule that uses sunlight energy to turn water and CO2 into sugar and O2) -­‐ the place where photosynthesis takes place -­‐ food for plant cells is made here Ribosome Ribosome -­‐ It’s the site where proteins are made -­‐ It’s the site where proteins are made (protein synthesis) (protein synthesis) -­‐ It’s a tiny spherical bodies, very rich in -­‐ It’s a tiny spherical bodies, very rich in RNA RNA -­‐ Found in cytoplasm or attached to the ER -­‐ Found in cytoplasm or attached to the ER Golgi Golgi -­‐ As known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi -­‐ As known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex complex -­‐ Near nucleus -­‐ Near nucleus -­‐ Flattened, layered, sac – like organelle -­‐ Flattened, layered, sac – like organelle looks like a pancake looks like a pancake -­‐ Functions: -­‐ Functions: -­‐ Package the proteins and carbohydrates -­‐ Package the proteins and -­‐ Stores and releases chemical carbohydrates -­‐ Stores and releases chemical Mitochondria Mitochondria -­‐ Power home of the cell -­‐ Power home of the cell -­‐ Releases energy for every functions (by -­‐ Releases energy for every functions (by converting the energy stored in glucose converting the energy stored in glucose into ATP – Adenosine Triphospat) into ATP – Adenosine Triphospat) -­‐ Spherical to rod – shaped organelles with -­‐ Spherical to rod – shaped organelles double membrane (the inner membrane with double membrane (the inner in enfolded many times, forming a series membrane in enfolded many times, of projections called as christae) forming a series of projections called as christae) Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum -­‐ Connects the nuclear membrane to the -­‐ Connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane cell membrane -­‐ a passage way for material moving -­‐ a passage way for material moving -­‐ Rough ER à transport materials through the cell through the cell and produces proteins, -­‐ Rough ER à transport materials then they are sent to Golgi Body OR through the cell and produces proteins, inserted into cell membrane then they are sent to Golgi Body OR -­‐ Smooth ER à transport materials inserted into cell membrane through the cell. It contains enzyme and -­‐ Smooth ER à transport materials produces and digest lipids (fats) and through the cell. It contains enzyme membrane proteins. Then it moves the and produces and digest lipids (fats) newly – made proteins and lipids to the and membrane proteins. Then it moves Golgi body and membrane the newly – made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body and membrane Lysosome Lysosome -­‐ Little digestion machine -­‐ Little digestion machine -­‐ a small structure and single membrane -­‐ a small structure and single membrane that contains enzymes which are used in that contains enzymes which are used digestion in digestion -­‐ Rough ER à create the enzyme protein -­‐ Rough ER à create the enzyme protein à this is sent to Golgi body à Golgi à this is sent to Golgi body à Golgi creates the digestive enzymes à creates the digestive enzymes à lysosome (float in the cytoplasm, until lysosome (float in the cytoplasm, until they’re needed à the cell absorbs or they’re needed à the cell absorbs or eats some food à the enzymes break eats some food à the enzymes break down complex molecules down complex molecules Other cells: Red blood cell (erythrocyte) Carries oxygen (O2) to all parts of body Nerve cell Muscle cell White blood cell (leucocyte) Defends our body from bacteria. Blood Plasma Contains and carries carbon dioxide (CO2), digestive food nutrients (glucose, amino acids, protein, minerals, vitamins), hormones, and waste minerals. Platelets (thrombocytes) Forms a net to trop other blood cells to form a blood clot / clot the blood. Cells are also producing their own life. The cell is constantly producing protein and growing in size at least 12 to 24 hours in mammalian tissue. There are some ways for cells to do the life cycle: 1. Gap 0 (G0): When a cell will leave the cycle and quit dividing for a resting period or permanent. 2. Gap 1 (G1): When the cell increases to produce proteins and synthesize RNA to control the activated mechanism. 3. S Phase: Duplicating 2 similar cells to complete the DNA instruction. 4. Gap 2 (G2): During the gap between DNA synthesize and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of this gap, the cell will control checkpoint to determine if the cell can now proceed to enter mitosis and divide. 5. Mitosis or M Phase: Cell growth and protein production stop at this stage because all of the cell’s energy is focused on the division into 2 similar cells. It lasts only for 1-­‐2 hours. To keep the cells alive, it needs a transportation to bring the substances go in and out of the cell. There are 3 ways to make it alive: • Diffusion: the movement of the substances from the higher concentration (which is the outside part of the cell) to a lower concentration (which is the inside part of the cell). • Osmosis: the movement of water from the higher concentration to a lower concentration. • Active transport: the movement of the substances from the lower concentration to the higher concentration. References: Prokaryotic cell. Wikipedia.com. 24 Feb. 2012
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
Animal cell. Www.animalport.com. 24 Feb. 2012 http://www.animalport.com/animalcells.html
Plant cell. Www.internationalunity.com. 24 Feb. 2012
http://www.internationalunity.org/plant-cell-parts/
"Cell Cycle." Www.cellsalive.com. 12 Feb. 2012
http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm