* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 3A
Survey
Document related concepts
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 3A Cell Structure and Function 1 3-1 In 1665 Robert Hooke observed and named the first cell. He observed cork cells, dead plant cells. Hooke only observed the cell wall and empty space. 2 1674 Anton von Leeuwenhoek observed living cells- he saw single celled organisms in a drop of pond water. 3 1838- Mathius Schleiden- proposed all plants were made of cells. 1839-Theodor Schwann- proposed all animals were made of cells. 4 1855- Rudolf Virchow- states that cells come from the reproduction of other cells. 5 Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life. (structure and function) 3. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. 6 Cells have different structure for different function. 7 Cells are enclosed in a membrane and have cytoplasm- a liquid-like substance that contains proteins, minerals……. Some cells have organelles. 8 Prokaryotic cells- do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Bacteria 9 Eukaryotic cells- they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 10 3-2 Cell Organelles Eukaryotic cells are highly organized. 11 The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that criss- cross the cell- it provides shape and support. 12 The Cytoplasm fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It contains the fluid and organelles The fluid part is the Cytosol. 13 The nucleus stores the genetic information or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains genes that are the instructions for making proteins. The Nuclear envelope surrounds and protects the nucleus. The nucleolus in the nucleus produces ribosomes which make proteins. 14 15 The Endoplasmic reticulum or ER fills much of the cell. It is interconnected folded membranes. The “intercellular Freeway”. The folds increase the surface area. Rough ER has ribosomes, so proteins are made here. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes. 16 17 The Golgi Apparatus is stacks of membranes that process, sort and deliver proteins. Some proteins stay in the cell, others move to other cells. 18 Vesicles are membrane bound sacs that can move through the cell. 19 Mitochondria- supply energy to the cell. They are the site of Cellular Respiration . Mitochondria have a double membrane and their own DNA- they may have been taken in by larger cells. Cells that use a lot of energy have more mitochondria. 20 21 Vacuoles- in plant cells, the central vacuole stores water, starch………….. It takes up most of the space in a plant cell. 22 Lysosomes- in animal cells- they contain enzymes that can break down old or damaged cells. 23 Cell Wall- in plant cells the cell membrane is surrounded by a cell wall of cellulose. It provides structure and support. 24 Chloroplasts- in plant cells. The green organelles that perform photosynthesis for the cell. Inside the thylakoids provide more surface area. They have a double membrane and DNA- they may have been free-living. 25 26 3-3 Cell Membranes The cell membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid has a polar phospholipid head and a non-polar tail. 27 28 Cholesterol molecule strengthen the membrane. Proteins can extend through the phospholipid bilayer or remain on the surface. Carbohydrates attach to the proteins to identify the cell. 29 30 The cell membrane is selectively permeable- it allows some material through, but prevents other material from passing through. What molecules can pass through depends on the molecules size, polarity and concentration. 31 32