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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew 3 Cell Structure and Function PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 102 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Key Note The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Properties of the Nucleus • Exceeds other organelles in size • Controls cell structure and function Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Chromosome Structure • • • • Location of DNA Protein synthesis instructions Chromatin – uncoiled version Humans have 23 pairs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Chromosome Structure Figure 3-17 The Nucleus Key Note Genes are the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins. The creation of specific proteins involves multiple enzymes and three types of RNA. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus The Genetic Code – Chemical Language • Triplet code • Comprises three nitrogenous bases • Specifies a particular amino acid • A Gene • Functional unit of heredity • Sequence of triplet codes that codes for a specific protein Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Protein Synthesis • Transcription—the production of RNA from a single strand of DNA • Occurs in nucleus • Produces messenger RNA (mRNA) • Triplets specify codons on mRNA Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA RNA polymerase Codon 1 Codon 2 Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Complementary triplets Promoter Triplet 4 mRNA strand Codon 1 2 4 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal) RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 1 of 5 DNA Gene KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 2 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Triplet 4 Complementary triplets Promoter 2 4 KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 3 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Triplet 4 Complementary triplets Promoter Codon 1 2 4 RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 4 of 5 DNA RNA polymerase Codon 1 Codon 2 Triplet 1 1 Triplet 2 2 Triplet 3 3 Gene Complementary triplets Promoter Triplet 4 mRNA strand Codon 1 2 4 Codon 3 Codon 4 (stop signal) RNA nucleotide KEY Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-18 5 of 5 The Nucleus Protein Synthesis • Translation—the assembling of a protein by ribosomes, using the information carried by the mRNA molecule • tRNAs carry amino acids • Anticodons bind to mRNA • Occurs in cytoplasm Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings NUCLEUS The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. mRNA The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid Small ribosomal subunit KEY Adenine tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. Large ribosomal subunit The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Peptide bond Completed polypeptide Stop codon Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 1 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 2 of 6 NUCLEUS mRNA The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid KEY Adenine Small ribosomal subunit tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Large ribosomal subunit Figure 3-19 3 of 6 NUCLEUS The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. mRNA The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid Small ribosomal subunit KEY Adenine tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon mRNA strand Large ribosomal subunit A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. Stop codon Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 4 of 6 NUCLEUS The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. mRNA The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid Small ribosomal subunit KEY Adenine tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand Large ribosomal subunit The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. Peptide bond Stop codon Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 5 of 6 NUCLEUS The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon. mRNA The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand. Amino acid Small ribosomal subunit KEY Adenine tRNA Anticodon tRNA binding sites Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) Thymine Start codon A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon. mRNA strand The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives. Large ribosomal subunit The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate. Small ribosomal subunit Peptide bond Completed polypeptide Stop codon Large ribosomal subunit Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-19 6 of 6 Coloring Workbook The packet will be due the day before the test. You can now complete numbers 12 13 and 16.