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Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cells Quiz Review Draw, label, and annotate a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell (both plant and animal) (study you own drawings) Describe the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic cells o DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and forms one circular chromosome o Their DNA is not attached to proteins (free DNA). o They lack membrane-bound organelles o Their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan o Usually divide by binary fission o Small in size (1-10 µm) o Ribosomes – 70S State that prokaryotic cells divide by Binary Fission o DNA is copied o Cell elongates and DNA moves to opposite sides o Cell splits in half, creating two identical daughter cells Describe the distinguishing characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells o DNA is contained in a nucleus, and is seen as multiple linear chromosomes o DNA is bound with proteins (called histones) to form chromatin o Contain membrane-bound organelles o Cell wall in plants made of cellulose; Cell walls in Fungi made of chitin o Divide by mitosis/meiosis o Larger in size (10-100 µm) o Ribosomes – 80S Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic DNA is circular chromosome DNA attached not attached to proteins DNA in cytoplasm as nucleoid (no nucleus) No mitochondria No membrane bound organelles 70S ribosomes Smaller than 10 micrometers Eukaryotic DNA is linear chromosomes DNA attached to proteins DNA in nucleus Mitochondria Membrane bound organelles 80S ribosomes Larger Than 10 micrometers Both Have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes Plants and Fungi have cell wall, All prokaryotic cells have cell wall Both carry out functions of life DNA is present in both Describe the functions of following Cell Components/Organelles: o Cell/Plasma membrane (Both): is selectively permeable and controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Cytoplasm (Both): liquid portion of cell that occupies the interior of the cell. Contains all organelles and enzymes for chemical reactions. Cell wall (prokaryotic & plant cell): provides structure, protection, and regulates uptake of water in plant cells. Nucleoid (prokaryotic): bundle of DNA in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Controls functions of cell and cell division/reproduction. Pili (prokaryotic): allows for connections between bacteria cells and sexual reproduction. Flagella (prokaryotic): tail-like structure that allows for movement of cells. Plasmid (prokaryotic): small, independent loop of DNA that replicates on its own. Use to help the cell adapt to new surroundings. Ribosomes (Both): produces proteins. Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough): produces and transports molecules within the cell. Golgi Apparatus: collects, modifies, and distributes materials made inside the cell. Can ship things inside and outside the cell. Lysosomes: digestive center of the cell that breaks down macromolecules and recycles old, damaged organelles. Mitochondria: produces usable energy called ATP through metabolic reactions. Chloroplasts (plant): absorbs light and performs photosynthesis. Vacuoles (plant): large storage organelles that can store water, food, and waste products. Centrosomes/Centrioles: controls the production of microtubules, which provide structure, allow for movement, and are necessary for cell division. Nucleus: controls the functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis. It is also responsible for cell division and reproduction. Compare/Contrast Plant & Animal Cells Plants Contains plasma membrane and cell wall Chloroplasts and mitochondria Large central vacuole No centrioles Carbs stored as starch Rigid, fixed, inflexible shape Animals Only plasma membrane (no cell wall) No chloroplasts and only a mitochondria Small or non-existent vacuole Contains centrioles Carbs stored as glycogen Flexible, rounded shape Explain how surface area to volume ratio influences cell size. Large cells have a small surface area to volume ratio and are inefficient. Small cells have a large surface area to volume ratio and are very efficient. If a cell becomes too large and inefficient, it will divide to form two smaller, more efficient cells with large surface area to volume ratios.