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7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
A
Framework
for
Func>on
Lexile
990L
1
What
makes
up
a
cell?
Did
you
know
that
there
are
billions
of
cells
moving
around
in
your
body
at
this
very
moment?
Without
cells,
our
bodies
would
not
be
able
to
func>on.
When
was
the
cell
discovered?
In
1665,
a
scien>st
named
Robert
Hooke
sat
down
and
curiously
peeked
through
his
microscope
to
study
a
piece
of
cork.
When
he
gazed
upon
the
cork,
he
discovered
small
moving
objects.
Robert
Hooke
had
just
discovered
a
living
cell.
This
exci>ng
discovery
led
to
the
inven>on
of
a
beJer
microscope
by
Anton
Van
Leeuwenhoek
in
1673.
His
microscope
was
specifically
designed
to
view
the
interes>ng
“animalcules”
described
by
Hooke.
With
this
improved
style
of
microscope,
Van
Leeuwenhoek
encountered
a
single‐celled
protozoa
in
pond
scum
and
even
in
blood
cells!
It
is
because
of
scien>sts
like
Van
Leeuwenhoek
and
Hooke
that
we
are
able
to
know
so
much
about
cells
today.
2
A
cell
is
the
smallest
unit
of
life
that
can
perform
all
life
processes.
It
is
included
in
the
cell
theory
that
was
proposed
by
scien>sts
nearly
150
years
ago.
Cell
theory
is
composed
of
three
major
points:
all
livings
things
are
composed
of
cells,
all
cells
come
from
pre‐exis>ng
cells,
and
cells
are
the
smallest
units
of
life.
1
7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
3
Two
specific
types
of
cells
are
known
as
the
prokaryotes
and
eukaryotes.
A
cell
membrane
is
a
boundary
that
separates
the
cell
from
the
outside
environment.
Basically,
it
is
like
a
fence.
Prokaryotes
only
have
a
membrane
and
a
cell
wall
that
enclose
the
rest
of
their
insides,
including
cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
is
a
semi‐
fluid
substance
inside
the
membrane.
An
example
of
a
prokaryote
is
bacteria.
Eukaryo>c
cells
have
a
much
more
complex
membrane
system
than
prokaryotes,
including
one
around
their
nucleus.
Eukaryotes
are
the
cells
that
aid
in
most
of
your
body’s
func>ons.
Eukaryotes
are
up
to
ten
>mes
larger
than
the
average
prokaryote
cell.
Other
important
characteris>cs
of
the
eukaryo>c
cell
are
it
has
a
cytoskeleton
and
a
membrane
enclosed
by
sub‐
cellular
organelles
that
will
be
further
explained
in
this
passage.
Now
that
we
have
established
the
two
major
cells,
let’s
get
an
even
closer
look
at
what
really
comprises
these
vital
cells.
4
Organelles
are
structures
inside
a
cell
that
perform
the
func>ons
necessary
for
the
cell
to
survive.
There
are
several
organelles
within
a
cell
that
allow
it
to
survive.
Let’s
begin
with
the
cell
membrane.
Remember
earlier
that
a
cell
membrane
is
like
a
fence.
Like
the
skin
on
your
body,
this
membrane
acts
as
a
protec>ve
layer
that
covers
the
cell’s
surface.
It
allows
some
things
to
be
excreted
out
of
your
body,
such
as
sweat,
and
allows
some
things
in,
like
an>bio>c
ointment
to
be
used
to
heal
an
injury.
The
cell
membrane
is
located
in
both
eukaryo>c
and
prokaryo>c
cells.
5
The
cell
wall
is
also
an
organelle,
but
it
is
only
found
in
plant
cells.
The
cell
walls
give
support
to
the
plant
cell
and
provide
a
basic
framework.
It
is
a
second
layer
around
the
cell
membrane
and
can
be
described
as
an
extra
fence
for
double
protec>on.
It
is
found
in
cells
that
belong
to
plants,
fungi,
and
bacteria.
The
cell
wall
is
different
from
the
cell
membrane
in
that
it
is
rigid
and
strong.
The
cell
wall
is
very
important
because
it
allows
support
for
plant
cells
to
grow
tall
and
to
protect
it
from
harm.
It
is
like
a
guard
gate
that
allows
water,
oxygen,
and
carbon
dioxide
to
pass
in
and
outside
of
the
cell.
2
7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
6
If
the
cell
was
a
ship,
then
the
nucleus
would
be
the
captain.
The
nucleus
is
an
organelle
inside
the
cell
that
guides
all
ac>vity.
It
is
the
most
important
part
of
the
eukaryo>c
cell’s
existence
because
the
nucleus
contains
deoxyribonucleic
acid
(DNA),
which
provides
specific
instruc>ons
for
the
cell’s
purpose
and
ac>ons.
DNA
tells
the
cell
how
to
reproduce
new
cells
and
perform
all
the
cells
jobs.
It
also
contains
hereditary
material,
which
will
pass
on
specific
informa>on
to
future
cells.
Without
DNA,
the
cell
would
not
know
how
to
operate.
The
nucleus
is
in
all
cells
except
prokaryotes.
In
prokaryo>c
cells,
the
DNA
floats
freely
in
the
cell’s
cytoplasm.
The
nucleolus
is
a
special
organelle
within
the
nucleus,
and
its
func>on
is
to
make
ribosomes.
Ribosomes
produce
proteins.
The
nuclear
membrane
is
the
last
part
of
the
nuclear
complex.
Its
purpose
is
to
protect
the
nucleus
from
harm
by
serving
as
a
double
membrane.
It
is
like
an
addi>onal
guard
that
controls
the
movement
of
materials
in
and
out
of
this
special
nucleus.
7
The
delivery
system
of
the
cell
is
known
as
the
endoplasmic
re>culum
(ER).
Found
in
all
eukaryo>c
cells
only,
it
is
a
network
of
tubes
and
membranes
that
carries
materials
and
aids
in
making
proteins.
There
are
two
forms
of
endoplasmic
re>culum,
smooth
and
rough.
The
ER
connects
to
the
nuclear
envelope
and
the
cell
membrane.
Another
responsibility
of
the
ER
is
to
move
important
proteins
and
carbohydrates
to
Golgi
bodies.
What
are
Golgi
bodies?
They
serve
as
extensions
of
the
endoplasmic
re>culum
system,
packaging,
and
moving
proteins
around
in
the
cell.
Unlike
the
folded
membranes
of
the
ER,
Golgi
bodies
look
like
stacks
of
flaJened
paper
sacks.
Both
organelles
work
together
to
modify
and
export
proteins
throughout
the
cell.
8
The
motors
that
fuel
the
en>re
cell’s
produc>on
is
known
as
the
mitochondria.
These
are
a
cell’s
“power
plants.”
Located
in
plant
and
animal
cells,
mitochondria
produce
ATP,
an
energy
source
found
in
food
molecules.
ATP
is
like
gas
for
a
car,
and
the
mitochondria
is
responsible
for
producing
it.
It
does
this
by
breaking
down
sugar,
or
glucose,
molecules
to
release
energy.
The
breakdown
process
is
known
as
cellular
respira>on.
3
7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
9
Although
plants
use
mitochondria
as
an
energy
source,
these
cells
also
produce
energy
through
unique
organelles
called
chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts
are
organelles
that
produce
chlorophyll
that
works
as
chemical
photosynthesis
to
provide
power.
Chlorophyll
traps
the
Sun’s
energy
and
then
transforms
this
energy
into
sugar
to
be
u>lized
as
its
own
power
source.
This
process
is
called
photosynthesis,
and
the
end
waste
product
is
oxygen.
Without
plant
cells
and
the
process
of
photosynthesis,
humans
and
other
organisms
would
not
have
oxygen
to
breathe.
10
Cells
have
a
lot
of
organelles,
but
eventually
organelles
wear
out
from
the
constant
input
and
output
that
daily
life
demands.
When
cell
parts
become
worn
out,
a
special
organelle
eats
up
and
digest
these
worn
parts.
It
is
called
a
lysosome,
and
its
sole
purpose
is
this
par>cular
job.
Equipped
with
special
diges>ve
enzymes,
lysosomes
are
scaJered
throughout
the
cytoplasm
and
seek
out
debris.
They
are
found
in
both
plant
and
animal
cells
as
small,
rounded
shapes
with
a
single
membrane.
Lysosomes
are
also
useful
in
breaking
down
larger
food
molecules
into
smaller
molecules.
These
unique
organelles
can
be
thought
of
as
a
garbage
truck
clearing
the
cell’s
environment.
11
The
outer
framework
of
a
cell
is
known
as
the
cytoskeleton.
All
cells
have
a
cytoskeleton
to
strengthen
the
cell
and
maintain
its
shape.
It
also
moves
organelles
around
the
cell
as
needed.
Within
the
cytoskeleton
is
the
cytoplasm.
This
clear,
thick,
jelly‐like
material
also
supports
and
protects
the
cells’
organelles.
The
cytoplasm’s
purpose
is
to
keep
organelles
in
their
arrangements,
rather
than
drieing
around
the
cell.
Cytoplasm
is
a
lot
like
glue.
Essen>ally,
the
cytoskeleton
is
the
frame
that
keeps
the
cells
in
its
respected,
circular
shape,
while
the
cytoplasm
holds
all
the
material
together
on
the
inside.
Both
protect
the
cell
and
preserve
its
structural
integrity.
4
7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
1
3
The
passage
describes
a
cell
as
—
A
the
smallest
unit
of
life
that
can
perform
all
life
processes.
A
Golgi
bodies.
B
a
prokaryote.
B
mitochondria.
C
a
cell
wall.
C
ribosome.
D
nucleus.
D
molecules
surrounded
by
membranes
and
cell
walls.
2
The
“motor”
that
fuels
the
en>re
cell’s
produc>on
is
known
as
—
4
Organelles
are
—
A
prokaryotes.
B
eukaryotes.
C
structures
inside
a
cell
that
perform
the
func>ons
necessary
for
the
cell
to
survive.
In
the
passage,
an
example
of
a
cell
was
given
in
simple
terms
to
describe
its
func>on:
If
a
cell
is
to
a
ship
then
—
A
a
nucleus
is
to
a
captain.
D
the
smallest
unit
of
life
that
perform
all
life
processes.
B
DNA
is
to
a
captain.
C
endoplasmic
re>culum
is
to
a
captain.
D
a
ribosome
is
to
a
captain.
5
7.12D:
Plant
and
Animal
Cell
Organelles
Organisms
and
Environments
5
6
Which
special
organelle’s
sole
purpose
is
to
consume
and
digest
worn
out
cells?
The
cell
wall
is
also
an
organelle,
but
it
is
found
only
in
—
A
cell
membranes.
A
Cytoskeleton
B
Chlorophyll
C
Lysosome
B
plant
cells.
C
prokaryo>c
cells.
D
DNA.
D
Cytoplasm
6