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Class Notes Protein Synthesis The function of DNA • • A _______ gene is a coded section of DNA; it tells our cells how to build specific _____________. proteins The codes for specific amino acids are found in a sequence of three nucleotides codon called a _________. The amino acids made from _______ codons will join together to make proteins. • Nucleus Because _____ DNA is so large, it is stuck inside the _____________. • Questions Where do the instructions for synthesizing proteins come from? • nucleus It needs a messenger to move the information from _______________ to ribosomes protein production locations (________________!) DNA needs RNA • • ribosomes nucleic acid DNA and ____________ RNA is a ______________ ___ messenger between ______ RNA 3 differences between ______ DNA and _______: ribose sugar RNA has __________________ single stranded RNA is ____________________ uracil (U) instead of RNA contains a nitrogen base called __________ thymine __________. Compare and Contrast *double stranded *contains thymine *contains deoxyribose sugar * found only in nucleus *single strand *contains uracil *made of *contains ribose sugar nucleotides *contains A *found in nucleus and cytoplasm G and C base pairs I am double stranded with a deoxyribose sugar and contain thymine instead of uracil. Who am I? Use the DNA Strand to complete the mRNA strand below: DNA: TTAGGAGCTACG RNA: ______________________ Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA): nucleus – Copies ________ in the __________ and carries the info to the DNA ribosomes _____________ (in cytoplasm) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): – makes up a large part of the ______________; reads and decodes ribosome mRNA Transfer • ______________ RNA (tRNA): – carries _______________to the ribosome where they are joined to amino acids form ________________. Proteins Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis • ____________________ is the assembly of amino acids (by RNA) into proteins • Involves two steps: transcription • 1.__________________– copying DNA code into mRNA translation • 2. __________________– reading the ______ mRNAcode and assembling ________________ into a polypeptide chain (__________) amino acids proteins Does the diagram represent DNA or RNA? …how can you tell? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Where can RNA be found? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Transcription mRNA Performed in nucleus by __________. reads mRNA “_________” single DNA strand and forms the complementary copy. How transcription works enzyme 1. DNA strand splits, with the help of an _____________ called DNA helicase _______________. *This exposes the active strand active strand mRNA nucleotides line up opposite the ____________, 2. Complementary ________ forming mRNA Translation ribosomes • Translation occurs in ____________________ (in cytoplasm) • RNA translation All three types of ________ work together during ______________ to produce proteins ___________. What bond is being broken by DNA helicase in between the nitrogen bases? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Decoding mRNA (translation) mRNA • The sequence of bases in an _________ molecule serves as instructions for the polypeptide order in which amino acids are joined to produce a _______________. • codons Ribosomes decode the instructions by using __________, sets of 3 bases that each code for 1 amino acid. • Each codon is matched to an anticodon, or complementary sequence on the tRNA ________ to determine the order of the amino acids. Using a codon chart • • codon chart A ____________________ is used to determine the sequence of the amino acids _____________ in the __________________. polypeptide The sets of 3 ________ bases (_________) mRNA Codons are used to find the amino acid In RNA, What nitrogen base replaces Thymine? ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Practice Example 1: DNA:TAC GCA TGG AAT RNA: ______________________ Amino Acid: ______________________ Example 2: DNA: CGT GGA GAT ATT RNA: ______________________ Amino Acid: ______________________ Example 3: Find a partner! DNA: ______________________ RNA: ______________________ Amino Acid: ______________________