Download Cell Structure and Function

Opening Assignment
Chapter 3 Intro
1.What are organelles and where are they found in a
cell?
2.What is located within the nucleus of a cell?
3. What does the term selectively permeable
mean?
Agenda Today
• Complete Chapter 3 Part 1 worksheet #1
Opening Assignment
Pull out worksheet #1 to be collected and graded
1. What are the three parts of a cell?
Anatomy and Physiology Honors
Chapter 3 – Part 1 Cells
Chapter 3 Part 1
Learning Goals
Students will be able to:
• Explain how cells differ from one another based on
their primary function.
• Describe the structure of a eukaryotic cell and the
main function of the organelles.
• Explain how substances move through cell
membranes.
• Describe the cell cycle and how cancer develops
from malfunctions within the cycle.
Cell History Review
Robert Hooke – first to see and identify cork “cells” using a
microscope.
Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life.
3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cells can be grouped into 2 types:
1. Prokaryotes – cells that do not
contain nuclei.
o Ex: (Bacteria)
2. Eukaryotes – cells that contain
nuclei and have membranesurrounded components called
organelles which have specialized
functions
o Ex: plants, animals, fungi, protist
How Cells Differ
• The human body
is made of over
75 trillion cells!
• Cells in different
tissues vary in size,
shape, and
function.
The Composite Cell
• Because cells vary so greatly, describing a typical
cell is impossible.
• In reality, any given cell will have most but not all of
these structures.
3 Basic Parts of the Cell
• Cell (Plasma) Membrane, Nucleus,
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell
Membrane
Notes 
Cell Boundaries
Cell membrane – thin, flexible, selectively permeable
membrane that surrounds the cell and protects the inside of
a cell from the environment outside.
• Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer , proteins, and some
carbohydrates.
Two layers!
Notes 
Cell Membrane
• Phospholipids have two ends, one of which is
hydrophilic, or attracted to water, and one of which
is hydrophobic, or repelled by water.
Notes 
Cell Membrane
Smaller molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, can
pass through this membrane easily on their own
because they are soluble in lipids, but larger ones like
amino acids, sugars, proteins, etc. cannot.
Notes 
Cell Membrane
• Proteins in the cell membrane act as receptors and form
channels for the passage of ions and molecules.
• Patterns of surface carbohydrates associated with the
membrane proteins enable certain cells to recognize
one another.
Notes 
Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm contains membranes, organelles, and the
rods and tubules of the cytoskeleton, suspended in
cytosol.
• Cell activities occur mainly in the cytoplasm, where
nutrients are received, processes, and used.
Notes 
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum –
• Function: Helps to create and then transport lipids
and proteins to the Golgi apparatus; breaks down
toxic material.
o Rough ER – has ribosomes
o Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Notes 
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes –
• Function: Synthesize (Create) Proteins!
o Found in a cells cytoplasm or attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R)
Ribosome
Notes 
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies)- refines, packages,
and delivers proteins (glycoproteins) synthesized on
ribosomes into ball-like structures called vesicles
Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi apparatus and
Secretion
Golgi are composed of
Notes 
•
stack of six
membranous stacks
that package proteins.
• As the proteins travel
through the Golgi
apparatus, sugars are
added or removed.
The secretory vesicles
that come out may
bind with the cell
membrane to transport
nutrients out of the cell
as a secretion.
Notes 
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria – converts chemical energy stored in food
into energy(ATP) for the cell to function.
o “Powerhouse of the Cell!”
o Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) and Water
(Cellular Respiration)
• ATP- the fuel for cellular processes such as growth, cell division,
and material transport
www.nerdscience.com
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Notes 
Lysosomes
Lysosomes – small organelles filled with digestive
enzymes that break down nutrient molecules or
foreign particles and recycle cellular
components.
Notes 
Perioxysomes
• Perioxysomes house enzymes that detoxify the
body by breaking down lipids, free radicals and
alcohol.
Notes 
Microfilaments and
Microtubules
• Microfilaments and microtubules form the cytoskeleton
which is the framework of the cell to help support and
stabilize the cytoplasm and organelles.
Let’s Review
1. Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
2. Why can oxygen and carbon dioxide pass easily
through the cell membrane but other substances like
proteins cannot?
3. Which organelle is responsible for Cellular Respiration
and the production of ATP?
4. Which organelles are the framework that create the
cytoskeleton?
Opening Assignment
Match the organelle with
the function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mitochondria ____
Perioxysome _____
Golgi apparatus ____
Endoplasmic
reticulum ____
5. Ribosome ____
6. Lysosome _____
7. Microtubule _____
A. Packages proteins to be
removed as secretions
B. Digestive enzymes to breaks
down wastes
C. Creates proteins
D. Cellular respiration happens
here
E. Uses enzymes to detoxify
body and breakdown
alcohol
F. Provides framework for cell
G. Creates lipids and proteins
and transports them to Golgi
apparatus
Notes 
Centrosome
• The centrosome contains centrioles that aid in
distributing chromosomes during cell division.
Notes 
Vacuoles
Not in book
• Vacuoles – store food, water, and waste material
o Animal cells have small vacuoles
o Plant cells have large Central Vacuoles
Vacuoles
Notes 
Cell Appendages
Cell appendages are often used for movement.
• Flagella- long, tail- like appendage that whip back and
forth and move a cell.
• Cilia- short hair like structures that can move a cell or
move molecules away from a cell.
Notes 
The Nucleus
• Nucleus – large membrane-enclosed structure that
contains the cell’s genetic information and directs cell
activities
o Nuclear Envelope – membrane that surrounds the
nucleus that consists of an inner and outer membrane.
Nuclear Envelope
Notes 
The Nucleus
• The Nucleolus – small, dense body composed
largely of RNA and protein. Ribosomes form in the
nucleolus.
o Chromatin – loosely coiled fibers of DNA and
protein called chromosomes.
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Membrane Transport
Review of Cell Membrane
• The exchange of materials between a cell
and its environment takes place at the cell
membrane.
• A cell membrane is semipermeable- it allows
only certain substance to enter or leave a
cell
Notes 
2 Types of Transport
across a Cell Membrane
Passive Mechanisms
• Movement of
substances through cell
membrane with no
energy from cell
required.
• Types: Diffusion,
Facilitated Diffusion,
Osmosis, Filtration
Active Mechanisms
• Movement of substances
through cell membrane
with energy from cell
required.
• Types: Active Transport,
Endocytosis, Exocytosis,
Notes 
Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion – movement of
particles from an area of high to
low concentration.
• Diffusion continues until the
concentration of a substance is
the same on both sides of a
membrane. (equilibrium)
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch
apter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
Notes 
Types of Passive Transport
• Facilitated Diffusion: when substances use the help
of special protein carrier molecules to move into or
out of a cell.
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch
apter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html
Notes 
Types of Passive Transport
• Osmosis: when water molecules diffuse from a
region of higher water concentration to a region of
lower water concentration.
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch
apter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html
Osmosis Practice
90% H2O
10% NaCl
Concentrations are
equal, so no net
movement of water!
www.nerdscience.com
90% H2O
10% NaCl
Cell
7-3
Osmosis Practice
80% H2O
20% NaCl
Concentration of
water is greater in
the cell than out, so
water will move out!
www.nerdscience.com
90% H2O
10% NaCl
Cell
Osmosis Practice
90% H2O
10% NaCl
Concentration of
water is greater
outside the cell than
in, so water will move
In!
www.nerdscience.com
80% H2O
20% NaCl
Cell
7-3
Notes 
Types of Passive Transport
• Filtration: when molecules are forced through
membranes using pressure. Used to separate solids
from water.
**We will go into more detail on this when we discuss the Cardiovascular and
Urinary systems.
Notes 
Types of Active Transport
Active Transport- The movement of materials across a
cell membrane from an area of low concentration to
an area of high concentration with the use of energy
a. Exocytosis – a cell’s vesicles
releases their contents outside of
the cell.
b. Endocytosis – the cell surrounds
a large particle and brings it into
the cell
Not on
Test 
Types of Endocytosis
• Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”
• Phagocytosis: “cell eating”
• Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Protein molecules extend
through a portion of the cell membrane to the outer surface
where they form receptors to bind with specific molecules
(ligands).
• Transcytosis: Combines both endocytosis and exocytosis to
transport across the cell membrane.
• We will again go into a lot more detail when we discuss the
Cardiovascular, Urinary and Immune system.
Opening Assignment
Copy and complete the concept map
Membrane
Transport
Opening Assignment
A. Transport across cell membrane that
1I
requires energy
Use these terms and definitions
B. Cell engulfs a particle and brings it
to fill in the map
into the cell
C. Uses carrier protein molecules
Facilitated Diffusion ____
D. Substances move into or out of cell
using pressure differences
2. Passive Transport ____
E. When a vesicle releases their contents
3. Osmosis _____
outside the cell
4. Active Transport _____
F. Movement of water from an area of
5. Endocytosis ____
high concentration to low
6. Exocytosis _____
concentration
7. Filtration _____
G. Transport that does not require
energy
Lab Part 1: Dialysis
Simulation
• We will read the procedures and follow the
directions to create a cup of “urine”.
Osmosis Lab
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaZ8MtF3C6M
The Cell Cycle & Cell Differentiation
The Cell Cycle
Most cells in an
organism go through a
cycle of growth,
development, and
division called the cell
cycle.
The cell cycle allows
organisms :
to grow and
develop
replace old or
damaged cells
produce new cells.
Not on
Test 
Phases Of The Cell Cycle
There are two main phases of the cell
cycle:
1. Interphase
2. Mitotic phase
Not on
Test 
Interphase
Interphase is a period
of growth and
development for a cell.
It makes up most of
the cell cycle
During interphase,
The DNA of the cell
is called chromatin
Not on
Test 
Interphase
During interphase, cells go through three stages:
1. Rapid growth and
replication of the
organelles. (G1 stage)
Notes 
Interphase
2. Replication of DNA . (S stage)
 The cell replicates its strands of
chromatin
 Sister chromatids are the two
identical strands of DNA that make
up the duplicated chromosome.
 They are held together by a
structure called a centromere.
 When DNA is copied or
replicated during this phase
mutations can occur
Not on
Test 
Interphase
3. Growth and final preparation for cell division (G2
Stage
Not on
Mitotic
Phase
Test 
Mitosis- The process of cell division that
results in 2 identical cells(daughter
cells) with the same number of
chromosomes.
 Only happens in body cells
Sub-stages of Mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Not on
Test 
Prophase
 Duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes
Not on
Metaphase
Test 
 Chromosomes line up in the middle of the
cell
Not on
Test 
Anaphase
 Sister chromatids in each duplicated
chromosome separate and are pulled in opposite
directions by the spindle fibers
Not on
Test 
Telophase
 Chromosomes begin to uncoil, and 2 new identical
nuclei form
Not on
Cytokinesis
Test 
Cytokinesis divides a cell’s cytoplasm forming a
new cell membrane around each daughter
cell.
 In animal cells , a furrow in the middle of the
cell gets deeper until the cell membrane
comes together to divide the cell.
Notes 
Cell Differentiation
• Cells come from
preexisting cells by the
process of mitosis.
• These trillions of cells that
are created this way
change into at least 260
specialized types by the
process of differentiation.
Notes 
Stem cells vs. Progenitor cells
• Cells that retain the
ability to divide
repeatedly without
specializing are called
stem cells.
• Progenitor cells are
specialized cells that
come from stem cells.
Notes 
Cell Death
• A cell that does not divide or specialize may die.
• Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is a normal
part of development.
How the Cell Cycle Works
• http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007249585
5/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_ce
ll_cycle_works.html
• Cancer and the Cell Cycle: Amoeba Sisters
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=interphase
+and+cancer&qs=AS&sk=AS2&FORM=QBVR&pq=int
erphase%20and%20&sc=815&sp=3&qs=AS&sk=AS2#view=detail&mid=49C879E
CBFEC625E7A9849C879ECBFEC625E7A98