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Transcript
Opening Assignment Chapter 3 Intro 1.What are organelles and where are they found in a cell? 2.What is located within the nucleus of a cell? 3. What does the term selectively permeable mean? Agenda Today • Complete Chapter 3 Part 1 worksheet #1 Opening Assignment Pull out worksheet #1 to be collected and graded 1. What are the three parts of a cell? Anatomy and Physiology Honors Chapter 3 – Part 1 Cells Chapter 3 Part 1 Learning Goals Students will be able to: • Explain how cells differ from one another based on their primary function. • Describe the structure of a eukaryotic cell and the main function of the organelles. • Explain how substances move through cell membranes. • Describe the cell cycle and how cancer develops from malfunctions within the cycle. Cell History Review Robert Hooke – first to see and identify cork “cells” using a microscope. Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life. 3. New cells are produced from pre-existing cells. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells can be grouped into 2 types: 1. Prokaryotes – cells that do not contain nuclei. o Ex: (Bacteria) 2. Eukaryotes – cells that contain nuclei and have membranesurrounded components called organelles which have specialized functions o Ex: plants, animals, fungi, protist How Cells Differ • The human body is made of over 75 trillion cells! • Cells in different tissues vary in size, shape, and function. The Composite Cell • Because cells vary so greatly, describing a typical cell is impossible. • In reality, any given cell will have most but not all of these structures. 3 Basic Parts of the Cell • Cell (Plasma) Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell Membrane Notes Cell Boundaries Cell membrane – thin, flexible, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside. • Controls what enters and leaves the cell. • Made of a phospholipid bilayer , proteins, and some carbohydrates. Two layers! Notes Cell Membrane • Phospholipids have two ends, one of which is hydrophilic, or attracted to water, and one of which is hydrophobic, or repelled by water. Notes Cell Membrane Smaller molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass through this membrane easily on their own because they are soluble in lipids, but larger ones like amino acids, sugars, proteins, etc. cannot. Notes Cell Membrane • Proteins in the cell membrane act as receptors and form channels for the passage of ions and molecules. • Patterns of surface carbohydrates associated with the membrane proteins enable certain cells to recognize one another. Notes Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm contains membranes, organelles, and the rods and tubules of the cytoskeleton, suspended in cytosol. • Cell activities occur mainly in the cytoplasm, where nutrients are received, processes, and used. Notes Organelles in the Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum – • Function: Helps to create and then transport lipids and proteins to the Golgi apparatus; breaks down toxic material. o Rough ER – has ribosomes o Smooth ER – no ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Notes Ribosomes • Ribosomes – • Function: Synthesize (Create) Proteins! o Found in a cells cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R) Ribosome Notes Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies)- refines, packages, and delivers proteins (glycoproteins) synthesized on ribosomes into ball-like structures called vesicles Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus and Secretion Golgi are composed of Notes • stack of six membranous stacks that package proteins. • As the proteins travel through the Golgi apparatus, sugars are added or removed. The secretory vesicles that come out may bind with the cell membrane to transport nutrients out of the cell as a secretion. Notes Mitochondria • Mitochondria – converts chemical energy stored in food into energy(ATP) for the cell to function. o “Powerhouse of the Cell!” o Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (Cellular Respiration) • ATP- the fuel for cellular processes such as growth, cell division, and material transport www.nerdscience.com Mitochondria Mitochondria Notes Lysosomes Lysosomes – small organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down nutrient molecules or foreign particles and recycle cellular components. Notes Perioxysomes • Perioxysomes house enzymes that detoxify the body by breaking down lipids, free radicals and alcohol. Notes Microfilaments and Microtubules • Microfilaments and microtubules form the cytoskeleton which is the framework of the cell to help support and stabilize the cytoplasm and organelles. Let’s Review 1. Describe the structure of the cell membrane. 2. Why can oxygen and carbon dioxide pass easily through the cell membrane but other substances like proteins cannot? 3. Which organelle is responsible for Cellular Respiration and the production of ATP? 4. Which organelles are the framework that create the cytoskeleton? Opening Assignment Match the organelle with the function 1. 2. 3. 4. Mitochondria ____ Perioxysome _____ Golgi apparatus ____ Endoplasmic reticulum ____ 5. Ribosome ____ 6. Lysosome _____ 7. Microtubule _____ A. Packages proteins to be removed as secretions B. Digestive enzymes to breaks down wastes C. Creates proteins D. Cellular respiration happens here E. Uses enzymes to detoxify body and breakdown alcohol F. Provides framework for cell G. Creates lipids and proteins and transports them to Golgi apparatus Notes Centrosome • The centrosome contains centrioles that aid in distributing chromosomes during cell division. Notes Vacuoles Not in book • Vacuoles – store food, water, and waste material o Animal cells have small vacuoles o Plant cells have large Central Vacuoles Vacuoles Notes Cell Appendages Cell appendages are often used for movement. • Flagella- long, tail- like appendage that whip back and forth and move a cell. • Cilia- short hair like structures that can move a cell or move molecules away from a cell. Notes The Nucleus • Nucleus – large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic information and directs cell activities o Nuclear Envelope – membrane that surrounds the nucleus that consists of an inner and outer membrane. Nuclear Envelope Notes The Nucleus • The Nucleolus – small, dense body composed largely of RNA and protein. Ribosomes form in the nucleolus. o Chromatin – loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein called chromosomes. Nucleolus Chromatin Membrane Transport Review of Cell Membrane • The exchange of materials between a cell and its environment takes place at the cell membrane. • A cell membrane is semipermeable- it allows only certain substance to enter or leave a cell Notes 2 Types of Transport across a Cell Membrane Passive Mechanisms • Movement of substances through cell membrane with no energy from cell required. • Types: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration Active Mechanisms • Movement of substances through cell membrane with energy from cell required. • Types: Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Notes Types of Passive Transport Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration. • Diffusion continues until the concentration of a substance is the same on both sides of a membrane. (equilibrium) http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html Notes Types of Passive Transport • Facilitated Diffusion: when substances use the help of special protein carrier molecules to move into or out of a cell. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html Notes Types of Passive Transport • Osmosis: when water molecules diffuse from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html Osmosis Practice 90% H2O 10% NaCl Concentrations are equal, so no net movement of water! www.nerdscience.com 90% H2O 10% NaCl Cell 7-3 Osmosis Practice 80% H2O 20% NaCl Concentration of water is greater in the cell than out, so water will move out! www.nerdscience.com 90% H2O 10% NaCl Cell Osmosis Practice 90% H2O 10% NaCl Concentration of water is greater outside the cell than in, so water will move In! www.nerdscience.com 80% H2O 20% NaCl Cell 7-3 Notes Types of Passive Transport • Filtration: when molecules are forced through membranes using pressure. Used to separate solids from water. **We will go into more detail on this when we discuss the Cardiovascular and Urinary systems. Notes Types of Active Transport Active Transport- The movement of materials across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration with the use of energy a. Exocytosis – a cell’s vesicles releases their contents outside of the cell. b. Endocytosis – the cell surrounds a large particle and brings it into the cell Not on Test Types of Endocytosis • Pinocytosis: “cell drinking” • Phagocytosis: “cell eating” • Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Protein molecules extend through a portion of the cell membrane to the outer surface where they form receptors to bind with specific molecules (ligands). • Transcytosis: Combines both endocytosis and exocytosis to transport across the cell membrane. • We will again go into a lot more detail when we discuss the Cardiovascular, Urinary and Immune system. Opening Assignment Copy and complete the concept map Membrane Transport Opening Assignment A. Transport across cell membrane that 1I requires energy Use these terms and definitions B. Cell engulfs a particle and brings it to fill in the map into the cell C. Uses carrier protein molecules Facilitated Diffusion ____ D. Substances move into or out of cell using pressure differences 2. Passive Transport ____ E. When a vesicle releases their contents 3. Osmosis _____ outside the cell 4. Active Transport _____ F. Movement of water from an area of 5. Endocytosis ____ high concentration to low 6. Exocytosis _____ concentration 7. Filtration _____ G. Transport that does not require energy Lab Part 1: Dialysis Simulation • We will read the procedures and follow the directions to create a cup of “urine”. Osmosis Lab • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaZ8MtF3C6M The Cell Cycle & Cell Differentiation The Cell Cycle Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth, development, and division called the cell cycle. The cell cycle allows organisms : to grow and develop replace old or damaged cells produce new cells. Not on Test Phases Of The Cell Cycle There are two main phases of the cell cycle: 1. Interphase 2. Mitotic phase Not on Test Interphase Interphase is a period of growth and development for a cell. It makes up most of the cell cycle During interphase, The DNA of the cell is called chromatin Not on Test Interphase During interphase, cells go through three stages: 1. Rapid growth and replication of the organelles. (G1 stage) Notes Interphase 2. Replication of DNA . (S stage) The cell replicates its strands of chromatin Sister chromatids are the two identical strands of DNA that make up the duplicated chromosome. They are held together by a structure called a centromere. When DNA is copied or replicated during this phase mutations can occur Not on Test Interphase 3. Growth and final preparation for cell division (G2 Stage Not on Mitotic Phase Test Mitosis- The process of cell division that results in 2 identical cells(daughter cells) with the same number of chromosomes. Only happens in body cells Sub-stages of Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Not on Test Prophase Duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes Not on Metaphase Test Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Not on Test Anaphase Sister chromatids in each duplicated chromosome separate and are pulled in opposite directions by the spindle fibers Not on Test Telophase Chromosomes begin to uncoil, and 2 new identical nuclei form Not on Cytokinesis Test Cytokinesis divides a cell’s cytoplasm forming a new cell membrane around each daughter cell. In animal cells , a furrow in the middle of the cell gets deeper until the cell membrane comes together to divide the cell. Notes Cell Differentiation • Cells come from preexisting cells by the process of mitosis. • These trillions of cells that are created this way change into at least 260 specialized types by the process of differentiation. Notes Stem cells vs. Progenitor cells • Cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing are called stem cells. • Progenitor cells are specialized cells that come from stem cells. Notes Cell Death • A cell that does not divide or specialize may die. • Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is a normal part of development. How the Cell Cycle Works • http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007249585 5/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_ce ll_cycle_works.html • Cancer and the Cell Cycle: Amoeba Sisters • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=interphase +and+cancer&qs=AS&sk=AS2&FORM=QBVR&pq=int erphase%20and%20&sc=815&sp=3&qs=AS&sk=AS2#view=detail&mid=49C879E CBFEC625E7A9849C879ECBFEC625E7A98