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Biology
Bio 93 Final Exam Review
Review
FALL 2015
Gene Express.
Genetic Basis
&
of
Recombinant
Development
DNA Tech.
Alterations of
Chromosomes
Mixed
Plate
Dogma of
Biology
Nervous
System
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
400
500
500
500
500
500
500
Alterations of Chromosomes for 100
True/False:
Only a male fruit fly can have white eyes.
Answer
Alterations of Chromosomes 100
Answer:
FALSE
Alterations of Chromosomes for 200
The following image shows the genotypes in a
recombination experiment. The parents are on
the left and the offspring are labeled #1-4.
Which offspring are the recombinants?
Parents
Offspring
Answer
Alterations of Chromosomes 200
Answer
Offspring 2 & 3
Alterations of Chromosomes for 300
What recombination frequency would you
observe if you have the following F2 offspring:
1600
1600
350
250
Answer
Alterations of Chromosomes 300
Answer
Recombination
Frequency
=
Recombinants
Total Offspring
X 100
=
350 + 250
3800
X 100
15.8
Alterations of Chromosomes for 400
You are mapping genes on chromosome 8 of the komodo
dragon. You are studying three genes that appear to be
linked. One gene is forked tongue (FT). One gene is for
long claws (LC). One gene is for rough skin (RS). The
recombination frequency between RS and FT is 11%. The
recombination frequency between FT and LC is 13%. The
recombination frequency between RS and LC is 21.5%.
What is the likely order of these genes with respect to
one another on chromosome 12?
A. RS-FT-LC
B. RS-LC-FT
C. FT-RS-LC
Answer
D. These genes could not be linked
Alterations of Chromosomes 400
Answer
A. RS-FT-LC
11%
RS
13%
FT
21.5%
LC
Alterations of Chromosomes for 500
Color blindness in humans is an X-linked recessive
trait. If a heterozygous female (XNXn) has children
with a color normal male (XNY), then what is the
probability of the children being colorblind?
A. All children will be colorblind
B. None of the children will be color blind
C. Only the sons will be color blind
D. Only the daughters will be colorblind
E. Half of the sons will be colorblind
Answer
Alterations of Chromosomes 500
Answer
E. Half of the sons will be color blind
XN
Y
XN
XNXN
XNY
Xn
XnXN
XnY
What is the genotypic and phenotypic
ratio?
Colorblind
Mixed Plate for 100
Cristian is a Bio 93 TA working on regeneration of limbs in
a salamander known as the axolotl. When a salamander
loses a leg, cells near the injury release a protein called
FGF (fibroblast growth factor) that binds to only nearby
cells and triggers the regeneration of the leg. FGF is:
A. An example of a hormone signal
B. An integral protein
C. Synthesized on free ribosomes
D. An example of a paracrine signal
E. An example of intercellular communication
Answer
Mixed Plate 100 Answer
D. An example of a paracrine signal
Mixed Plate for 200
What level of structure is affected in a protein when
SH-SH bonds are disrupted by heat?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. All levels
Also, what functional group is this? Is it
polar/nonpolar? Soluble in water?
Answer
Mixed Plate 200 Answer
C. Tertiary
Mixed Plate for 300
Projecting neurons in the human brain have long axons that
can measure several centimeters. Scientists have observed
rapid vesicular movement called axonal transport along these
axons in both directions: towards the tip of the axon and
towards the cell body of the neuron. It is likely that this
movement is caused by:
A. Motor proteins which use IF as tracks to move vesicles in
both directions
B. Myosin which uses MF as tracks to move vesicles towards
the plus end of MF in both directions
C. Kinesin which uses MT tracks to move vesicles towards
the plus end and dynein which uses MT to move towards
the minus end of MT
Answer
Mixed Plate 300 Answer
C. Kinesin which use MT tracks to move vesicles
towards the plus end and dynein which uses MT
tracks to move vesicles towards the minus end
of MT
Mixed Plate for 400
In a recent research study, scientists discovered a way to
create synthetic nanotube made of polypeptides. The
nanotube can function as a solar panel and use sunlight
to energize electrons and also add them to NADP+ to
make NADPH. What is the biological equivalent to this
reaction?
A. Calvin cycle
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Light reactions
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
E. Chemiosmosis
Answer
Mixed Plate 400 Answer
C. Light Reactions
Mixed Plate for 500
You are an evil mastermind and wish to create a virus that
will infect cells and transform them from normal cells into
tumor (cancerous) cells. What method would you use?
A. Create a virus that expresses a proto-oncogene
B. Create a virus that expresses a G1 checkpoint protein
C. Create a virus that expresses an oncogene
D. Create a virus that expresses a tumor suppressor gene
E. Create a virus that expresses a G2 checkpoint protein
Answer
Mixed Plate 500 Answer
C. Create a virus that expresses an oncogene
Dogma of Biology for 100
What did the Hershey and Chase experiment
demonstrate?
A. DNA carries genetic information
B. Phage consist of DNA and protein
C. Proteins are higher in sulphur
D. DNA is high in sulfer
E. Phage infect E. coli
Answer
Dogma of Biology 100 Answer
A. DNA carries genetic information
Dogma of Biology for 200
Cytosine makes up 32% of the nucleotides in a
sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately
what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample
will be thymine?
A. 18%
B. 36%
C. 31%
D. 64%
E. It cannot be determined from the information
provided
Answer
Dogma of Biology 200 Answer
A. 18%
Cytosine = 32%
Guanine = 32%
64%
100% - 64% = 36% Thymine and Adenine
36% / 2 = 18%
Dogma of Biology for 300
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthase
that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA
instead of the normal phenylalanine. The consequence of
this for the cell will be that:
A. None of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine
B. Proteins in the cell will include lysine stead of
phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the
codon UUU
C. The cell will compensate for the defect by attaching
phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specifying anticodons.
D. The ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is
encountered.
Answer
Dogma of Biology 300 Answer
B. Proteins in a cell will include lysine instead of
phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified
by the codon UUU
Dogma of Biology for 400
The anticodon tRNA complex carrying the amino
acid Tryptophan is 3’-ACC-5’. The original
template strand of DNA was:
A. 3’-UGG-5’
B. 5’-TGG-3’
C. 3’-ACC-5’
D. 5’-ACC-3’
E. 5-GGT-3’
Answer
Dogma of Biology 400 Answer
C. 3’-ACC-5’
Anticodon tRNA: 3’-ACC-5’
mRNA: 5’-UGG-3’
DNA: 3’-ACC-5’
Dogma of Biology for 500
A point mutation in DNA could affect a protein’s activity
because
A. It might result in a chromosomal translocation
B. It might exchange one stop codon for another stop
codon
C. It might exchange one serine codon for a different
serine codon
D. It might substitute an amino acid necessary for
function
E. It might substitute the N-terminus of the polypeptide
for the C-terminus
Answer
Dogma of Biology 500 Answer
D. It might substitute an amino acid necessary for function
Wild type
DNA template strand
3′ T A C T T C A A A C C G A T T 5′
5′ A T G A A G T T T G G C T A A 3′
mRNA 5′
Protein
Amino end
A U G A A G U U U G G C
Met
Lys
Phe
Gly
U A A 3′
Stop
Carboxyl end
Nucleotide-pair substitution: missense
T instead of C
3′ T A C T T C A A A T C G A T T 5′
5′ A T G A A G T T T A G C T A A 3′
A instead of G
5′ A U G A A G U U U A G C U A A 3′
Met
Lys
Phe
Ser
Stop
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology for 100
The segment of DNA shown has restriction sites I
and II, which create restriction fragments A, B, and
C. Which of the gels produced by electrophoresis
shown below best represents the separation and
identity of these fragments?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology 100 Answer
C.
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology for 200
Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA
technology is incorrectly paired with its use?
A. DNA ligase <-> cutting DNA, creating sticky ends
of restriction fragments
B. DNA polymerase <-> Polymerase chain reaction
to amplify sections of DNA
C. RNA polymerase <-> Production of RNA from
DNA
D. Electrophoresis <-> Separation of DNA
fragments
Answer
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology 200 Answer
A. DNA ligase <-> cutting DNA, creating sticky
ends of restriction fragments
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology for 300
Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter
the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel
during electrophoresis?
A. Altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA
fragment
B. Digesting the DNA fragment with a restriction enzyme
C. Increasing the length of the DNA fragment
D. Decreasing the length of the DNA fragment
E. Neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA
fragment
Answer
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology 300 Answer
A. Altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA
fragment
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology for 400
In eukaryotes, the general transcription factors
A. Are required for the expression of specific protoencoding genes
B. Bind to other proteins or to a sequence element
within the promoter called the TATA box
C. Inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and
begin transcribing
D. Usually lead to a high level of transcription even
without additional specific transcription factors
E. Bind to sequences just after the start of trascrption
Answer
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology 400 Answer
B. Bind to other proteins or to a sequence
element within the promoter called the TATA
box
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology for 500
Bio93 TA Lauren studies a transcription factor called Ovo2 that
is required for normal mouse mammary gland development.
Ovol2 is a single gene locus, yet there are 3 distinct Ovol2
variants expressed at the protein level. Which of the following
best explains this phenomenon?
A. Alternative splicing of Ovol2 mRNA
B. Alterations of the Ovol2 transcript by microRNAs
C. Frameshift mutations in the Ovol2 gene sequence
D. The Ovol2 protein is recognized and degraded by the
proteosome
E. Exons are not spliced out of the Ovol 2 transcript
Answer
Gene Expression & Recombinant DNA
Technology 500 Answer
A. Alternative splicing of Ovol2 mRNA
Genetic Basis of Development for 100
The product of the bicoid gene in Drosophila
provides essential information about
A. Lethal genes
B. Segmentation
C. The dorsal-ventral axis
D. The left-right axis
E. The anterior-posterior axis
Answer
Genetic Basis of Development 100
Answer
E. The anterior-posterior axis
Head
Tail
T1 T2 T3
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Wild-type larva
A7
A8
250 m
Tail
Tail
A8
A8
A7
A6
A7
Mutant larva (bicoid)
Genetic Basis of Development for 200
Scientists develop a drug that they find is able to
block gastrulation. What effect would you expect
to happen?
A. Cleavage would not occur in the zygote
B. Embryonic germ layers would not form
C. Fertilization would be blocked
D. The blastula would not be formed
E. The blastopore would form above the grey
crescent in the animal pole
Answer
Genetic Basis of Development 200
Answer
B. The embryonic germ layers would not form
3
Key
Future
ectoderm
Future
mesoderm
Future
endoderm
Late
gastrula
Blastopore
Blastocoel
remnant
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Blastopore
Yolk plug
Archenteron
Genetic Basis of Development for 300
If a female Drosophila is homozygous for a mutation in a
maternal effect gene:
A. She will not develop past the early embryonic stage
B. All of her offspring will show the mutant phenotype,
regardless of their genotype
C. Only her male offspring will show the mutant
phenotype
D. Her offspring will show the mutant phenotype only if
they are also homozygous for the mutation
E. Only her female offspring will show the mutant
phenotype
Answer
Genetic Basis of Development 300
Answer
B. All of her offspring will show the mutant
phenotype, regardless of their genotype
Genetic Basis of Development for 400
Taking certain drugs while pregnant can
permanently damage the human embryo. If a child
develops malformations in the cells that line the
digestive tract as a result of drug exposure as an
embryo, which embryonic tissue as likely damaged?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Yoke plug
E. Blastocoel
Answer
Genetic Basis of Development for 400
Answer
B. Endoderm
Genetic Basis of Development for 500
If you experimentally control Bicoid protein levels
so it is expressed evenly at moderate levels
throughout a developing Drosophila embryo, what
would you expect to see in the resultant larva?
A. The head and tail ends will have switched
B. Normal development, with no mutant traits
C. Too many thoracic (chest) segments
D. Both ends will have a tail, with no head
E. An animal with two tails
Answer
Genetic Basis of Development 500
Answer
C. Too many thoracic (chest) segments
Nervous System for 100
Neurotransmitters are released from axon
terminals via:
A. The secretory pathway
B. Active transport
C. Teleportation
D. Transcytosis
E. Exocytosis
Answer
Nervous System for 100 Answer
E. Exocytosis
Nervous System for 200
After the depolarization phase of an action
potential, the resting potential is restored by:
A. The opening of sodium activation gates
B. The opening of voltage-gated potassium
channels and the closing of sodium channels
C. A decrease in the membrane’s permeability to
potassium and chloride ions
D. A brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump
E. The opening of more voltage-gated sodium
channels
Answer
Nervous System for 200 Answer
B. The opening of voltage-gated potassium
channels and the closing of sodium channels.
Nervous System for 300
Action potentials move along axons:
A. More slowly in axons of large than small diameter
B. By the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal
membrane
C. By activating the Na/K pump at each point along the
axonal membrane
D. More rapidly in myelinated than non-myelinated
axons
E. By reversing the concentration gradients for Na/K ions
Answer
Nervous System for 300 Answer
D. More rapidly in myelinated than nonmyelinated axons
Nervous System for 400
For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70
mV, an increase in the movement of K+ ions out of the
neuron’s cytoplasm would result in:
A. Depolarization of the neuron
B. Hyperpolarization of the neuron
C. The replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions
D. The replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions
E. The neuron switching on its Na/K pump to restore the
initial conditions
Answer
Nervous System for 400 Answer
B. Hyperpolarization of the neuron
Nervous System for 500
Action potentials (APs) are normally carried in only one
direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals.
If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon
threshold, using an electronic probe, then:
A. No AP will be initiated
B. An AP will be initiated and proceed only in the normal
direction toward the axon terminal
C. An AP will be initiated and proceed only back toward the
axon hillock
D. Two APs will be initiated, one going toward the axon
terminal and one going back toward the hillock.
Answer
Nervous System for 500 Answer
D. Two APs will be initiated, one going toward
the axon terminal and one going back toward
the hillock
Axon
Plasma
membrane
Action
potential
Na+
K+
Cytosol
Action
potential
Na+
K+
K+
Action
potential
Na+
K+