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A Tour through the Cell
Zellular Biology 2013
1. Nucleus
The nucleus Where to find it: Not all cells have a nucleus but all eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. All animal and have a nucleus. All protists are eukaryotic cells which mean they contain a nucleus. plant cells Function(s)—what does this organelle accomplish for the cell? The nucleus controls all cell activity and contains plenty of DNA. It is composed of chemical structures that create reaction to make the cell function. The nucleus and the things in it control what the cell does and the cell activities that keep the cell alive. How to recognize a nucleus: • The nucleus is shaped as a circle. • It is in the center of most cells • Also it is large compared to other parts, so therefore it is easier to recognize. Facts: • It was the first organelle to be discovered • It has a double membrane around it • Prokaryotic do not have them • It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction 2. Nucleolus
In what cells or cell types will you find this organelle? • Since all cells that have nucleuses are eukaryotic, that means the nucleolus are also found only within eukaryotic cells. • They are found in Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Does your organelle occupy a special or specific location in these cells? • The nucleolus is located inside the nucleus. Function-­‐ what does this organelle accomplish for the cell? • The nucleolus makes ribosomes by combining RNA and proteins • It then sends out the ribosomes into the cell Interesting facts: • The plural of nucleolus is nucleoli • If the nucleolus overproduces ribosomes, it can lead to cancer • Most plant and animal cells have more than one nucleoli 3. Ribosomes
Cedric deRaczynski
Ribosomes
1. In what cells or cell types will you find this organelle?
a. They are in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
b. They are found in Animal cells as well as Plant cells and other cells
2. Does your organelle occupy a special or specific location in these cells?
a. Ribosomes are usually located in the Cytosol
b. Ribosomes can also be located in and connected to the Endoplasmic
Reticulum
3. What does the organelle accomplish for the cell?
a. Ribosome accomplish the process of turning products into proteins and
Amino acids for the cell
4. What does the organelle look like? How would I recognize?
a. The organelle looks like a small sphere or ball
b. You would recognize since its connected to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
c.
5. Fun Facts:
a. Name derived from Soma in Greek meaning body
4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
By CJ Rothschild Function The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, “rough ER”, is a cellular organelle that is responsible for creating, folding, and translating proteins. After being folded, the proteins are then transported to the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. Location The rough ER is located directly outside of the Nucleus. It is connected to the nuclear envelope. The rough ER can be found in all eukaryotic cells, in both plant and animal cells. Fun Fact The Rough ER is sprinkled with ribosomes, which is why it is called the “rough” ER. 5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER (Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum)
The smooth ER is one of two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is
a series of tubes, connecting in an evenly distributed web from the cell
wall to the rough ER to the nuclear membrane in the center of the cell. It
lacks attaching ribosomes (protein making organelles), unlike its
counterpart, rough ER. The smooth ER is found in all eukaryotic cells.
The function of the smooth ER varies greatly for different cells,
including making carbohydrates, lipids, and cholesterol, and helping
muscle cells contract. In the liver, the smooth ER creates detoxification
substances, and in the brain cells and endocrine glands, it produces
some types of hormones. The smooth ER also provides a transition for
vesicles in the cell which move substances created in the smooth and
rough ER from place to place.
6. Vesicles
Vesicles
• A vesicle is a small pouch that contains fluid and or gas.
• It’s a membrane enclosed sac that stores and transports
substances.
• Vesicles are in both animal, plant, fungi, and protists cells
because they are found in eukaryotic cells
• The vesicles job is to transport proteins to other organelles
• It looks like a small bubble inside a cell.
• A vesicle forms when the membrane bulges out and pinches off
• Vesicles are located in cytoplasm
• They are known as liposomes
7. Golgi Complex
By Will Bryan
Location: The Golgi Complex, also known as the Golgi Apparatus, can be
found in all Eukaryotic cells. This includes animal and plant cells. Inside these
cells, the Golgi Complex is located near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the
nucleus.
Origin: The Golgi Complex received its name from an Italian named Camillo
Golgi. Golgi discovered this membrane-bound organelle in 1898. Camillo Golgi
worked as a biologist in the Italian area of Brescia.
A photo of a Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi has
a membrane-like covering to its outer layer.
Camillo Golgi along with the fellow founders
of the Golgi Complex.
Function: The Golgi is known as an organelle used for “packaging.” Simple
molecules enter the Golgi and are manipulated and made more complex. After
this step the Golgi pinches off a piece of its membrane with the newly made
molecules. These new molecules can go many places: they can become
vacuoles, fuse with vacuoles, or even exit the cell.
Golgi Apparatus from a side view with
vacuoles forming from it.
8. Vacuoles
Vacuoles
Maeve Spanier
Vacuoles are an organelle that is found in all
plant and fungus cells. It is also found in some
bacteria, protist and animal cells.
There are many different purposes of a
vacuole including:
• Holding waste products
• Holding water in plant cells
• Keeping harmful things that are a threat away
from the cell
• Sustaining an acidic pH balance
• It has small molecules within it
• Distributing bad materials from the cell
• Supports structures for example flowers or
leaves
Vacuoles are very important
to plant life. In plant cells, the
vacuole retains water. If the
vacuole is full of water the
plant will be alive. However,
if the vacuole is empty, the
plant will begin to wilt and
die.
Animal vacuoles are smaller than plant vacuoles but there are usually more of them. But
there are also some animal cells that that do not have any vacuoles. In animal cells,
vacuoles do not do as much as they do in plant cells because they have a different role. In
animal cells they assist in exocytosis and endocytosis, two larger processes.
9. Lysosomes
Lysosomes
By: Michael Slatten
•
Found in the animal cell near vacuoles and rough endoplasmic reticulum
•
Purpose of lysosome is to digest things
•
They start digesting when the cell eats some kind of food
•
Size can be .1-1.2 micrometers
•
Basically the cells disposal of waste system (stomach of a cell)
•
Fun fact: nicknamed “suicide bags” or “suicide sacs” by biologists
•
Contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break down food
•
It is still up for discussion if lysosomes exist in yeasts and plants
•
Un-blocked short video http://highered.mcgraw-­‐
hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/lysosomes.html
•
They digest cells that are no longer functioning or exceeded their lifetime
•
Mostly found in disease fighting cells in white blood cells
•
Have an PH of around 4.8
10. Peroxisomes
Alexandra Herman
Peroxisomes:
Where are they found? Peroxisomes can be found in all eukaryotic cells. They
are small vesicles that are surrounded only by a single membrane and do not
contain a genome, DNA, or ribosomes. They are usually found freely floating in
the cell cytoplasm.
What do they do?
Peroxisomes are known for
using enzymes (small pieces
in the organelles that react
with molecules in order to
create and break down
substances) to break down
potentially harmful
substances in order to
protect the other organelles
in the cell.
What are their
special functions?
The peroxisomes
are best known for
using teams of
Where do they get their food and proteins? The Peroxisomes
enxymes to break
require import their proteins from something called the
down organic and
Cytosol.
potentially harmful
What is a Cytosol? A Cytosol is a cell fragment that
molecules into
remains
other
organelles
and cell
parts have slowly been
What areafter
some
special
facts about
the peroxisome?
another damaging
removed.
feeds cholesterol
proteins toand
thephospholipids
Peroxisomes.found in heart
o TheyItcreate
substance,
and brain tissue
Hydrogen Peroxide,
o They also break down long-chain fatty acids by using
which is very quickly
oxidization
then broken down
o In plants a certain kind of peroxisome is known to convert
into Oxygen and
o
o
fatty acids into carbohydrates
They also break down amino and uric acids
They can be found in especially large quantities of kidney
cells because of their ability to break down kidney stones
because they can help prevent the buildup of a chemical
“oxalate” which can cause kidney stones to form
11. The Cytomembrane System
Connecting the Cytomembrane By Douglas Le Clercq The Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi apparatus all work together to produce proteins and distribute them around the cell. Nucleus:  The Nucleus is centrally located in the cell and is responsible for the production of ribosomes.  The Nucleus can be compared to the brain of the cell. It sends out messages to ribosomes to produce polypeptide sequences, which are the basis for proteins. Proteins are multiple strings of polypeptides. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and the Golgi Apparatus:  After proteins are formed they are sent all around the cell.  The ER distributes many of these proteins to other parts of the cell.  Proteins not needed by the ER are shipped in vesicles to other destinations along the cytoskeleton in the cell.  The Golgi modifies some of the proteins then reships them off to their next destination. 12. Chloroplasts
The Chloroplast What: Chloroplasts are multi-­‐celled eukaryotic organelles found in plant cells and in different types of eukaryotic organisms. They specialize in photosynthesis and are involved in a plants immune response. Appearance: Shaped like a flattened oval disc, chloroplasts have a double membrane and contain a space inside known as the Stroma. The Stroma is the fluid inside that works as a skeleton inside any biological tissue and may contain starch grains. Purpose: Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis. They carry this out by capturing the suns light energy and storing it within their energy storage molecules while freeing oxygen from water. •
Because Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, they are the color of green. •
A single cell can contain about 200 chloroplasts. •
Chloroplasts are extremely necessary in the process of photosynthesis. •
On average, they are 4 to 6 micrometers in diameter. Chloroplasts are most commonly found in the leaves of plants. This is because the leaves have a large surface area which helps absorb more sunlight than any other part of the plant, making the whole process easier to carry out. 13. Mitochondria
Bergen Sanderford
August 29, 2013
Mitochondria
The Mitochondria is an organelle found in most animals, plants, and eukaryotic cells. In diseases such as mitochondrial disorder, and cardiac dysfunction, Mitochondria organelles are found in the blood. There are a lot of things that make Mitochondria rare, such as the structural features, and the amount of Mitochondria’s in a cell. The number of Mitochondria’s in a cell can vary from one to one thousand. Mitochondria is useful because it helps keep up metabolism and it also creates energy to create respiration. Mitochondrion has both outer and inner membranes. Since the
doubling of membranes, there are five distinct structural features of the
Mitochondria. The first is the Outer Membrane, and then the
intermembrane space, which is the space between the outer and Inner
Membrane, third is the Inner Membrane, fourth is cristae space, and
last but not least is the Matrix.
Two Mitochondrion organelles together, and if looked at closely one can see their matrix’s. 14. Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic
Cytoskeleton
• Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton
contains three different
types of filaments. The
purpose of the filaments is
to create structure and to
maintain cell shape. The
types of filaments are:
• Microfilaments- These are
the thinnest filaments
constructed with actin.
They create movement and
strength by expanding on
one side and contracting on
the other side. • Intermediate filamentsStronger filaments that are
also related to that found in
Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton.
They create tension to hold
cell shape • Microtubules- These are the
thickest filaments and are
cylinder shaped. They help
to construct the flagella
and the cilia. Prokaryotic
Cytoskeleton
• The Prokaryotic
Cytoskeleton was recently
discovered. Prokaryotes
were discovered to have
some of the same proteins
and structure as that of the
Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton.
• The proteins in the
Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
are FtsZ, MreB, ParM, and
Crescentin
• The functions of the
Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
are to maintain cell shape
and transmit information
• Many of these proteins are
“actin-like” meaning that
they are related to
Intermediate Filaments
found in Eukaryotic
Cytoskeleton
15. Cilia
Miles Lapeyre
Cilia
Cilium (singular form) is an
organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cilia (plural form) are found in the
respiratory tract. In the respiratory
track, Cilia help move bacteria away
from our lounges. Cilia extend
outward from the cell. You will see
cilia on the surface of the cell. There
are two types of cilia: motile cilia
and non-motile or primary cilia,
which typically serve as sensory
organelles. We rarely see non-motile
cilia.
Motile
Cilia
Facts
• Cilia are present in great quantities on some lining cells of the body,
such as those along the respiratory tract 16. Flagella
Organelle Project: Flagella
The flagella are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They look like a
tail that extends outside the cell membrane. There can be one or many flagella extending
from the cell, such as the “tail” on a human sperm cell. Besides sperm cells most human
cells do not have flagella. Flagella are mainly found in bacterial cells. They can be
located strictly to one side, either sides or all around the cell. The flagella are used to
propel the cell by rotating. Using this propulsion bacteria are able to propel themselves
into a hosts body and sperm can fertilize the egg. Without flagella no cells would be
capable of moving themselves around.
Bacterial flagella
Bacteria Flagella
17. Centrioles (Centriole Pair)
Centriole
A centriole
cell is an organelle that has a cell structure
of a cylinder.
The cells found in this centriole are
eukaryotic
cells.
It is found in vascular seedless plants,
also known
as,
Cycads
and
Gingko
and
is
sometimes
found in
Pinophyta,
flowering
plants,
and
most
fungi.
Centrioles
are
not
found
in
some
lineages
of
eukaryotes
called land
The important
genes
that are needed
This plants.
is a centriole
in a mouse
embryo
for centriole growth, such as centrins, are only found in
eukaryotes. Centrioles are also found in the embryo of
animals during the development stage. Centrioles do
not have a function that is known of as of now. Centrioles are made up of nine sets of cylinders called
microtubule triplets. There are ten components of a
centriole.
1. Mother centriole
2. Daughter centriole
3. Distal ends
4. Distal appendages
5. Subdistal appendages
6. Proximal ends
7. Microtubule triplets
8. Interconnecting fibers
9. Microtubules
10. Pericentriolar material
18. Cell Walls
Cell Wall BY SCHAEFFER REES
What cell types have cell walls?
• Plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and arhaea.
o Typically made of cellulose
o The cellulose allows the plant to grow
• Does this organelle occupy a special location
o The cell wall is on the outer part of the cell
• What does the organelle accomplish?
o Tough rigid structure for protection and
waterproofing
• Fun facts
o The fibres of cell walls are laid down in different
directions to add strength
o Cell walls make a cell called turgid with vacuole to
support the plant