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A Tour through the Cell Zellular Biology 2013 1. Nucleus The nucleus Where to find it: Not all cells have a nucleus but all eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. All animal and have a nucleus. All protists are eukaryotic cells which mean they contain a nucleus. plant cells Function(s)—what does this organelle accomplish for the cell? The nucleus controls all cell activity and contains plenty of DNA. It is composed of chemical structures that create reaction to make the cell function. The nucleus and the things in it control what the cell does and the cell activities that keep the cell alive. How to recognize a nucleus: • The nucleus is shaped as a circle. • It is in the center of most cells • Also it is large compared to other parts, so therefore it is easier to recognize. Facts: • It was the first organelle to be discovered • It has a double membrane around it • Prokaryotic do not have them • It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction 2. Nucleolus In what cells or cell types will you find this organelle? • Since all cells that have nucleuses are eukaryotic, that means the nucleolus are also found only within eukaryotic cells. • They are found in Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Does your organelle occupy a special or specific location in these cells? • The nucleolus is located inside the nucleus. Function-‐ what does this organelle accomplish for the cell? • The nucleolus makes ribosomes by combining RNA and proteins • It then sends out the ribosomes into the cell Interesting facts: • The plural of nucleolus is nucleoli • If the nucleolus overproduces ribosomes, it can lead to cancer • Most plant and animal cells have more than one nucleoli 3. Ribosomes Cedric deRaczynski Ribosomes 1. In what cells or cell types will you find this organelle? a. They are in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes b. They are found in Animal cells as well as Plant cells and other cells 2. Does your organelle occupy a special or specific location in these cells? a. Ribosomes are usually located in the Cytosol b. Ribosomes can also be located in and connected to the Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. What does the organelle accomplish for the cell? a. Ribosome accomplish the process of turning products into proteins and Amino acids for the cell 4. What does the organelle look like? How would I recognize? a. The organelle looks like a small sphere or ball b. You would recognize since its connected to the Endoplasmic Reticulum c. 5. Fun Facts: a. Name derived from Soma in Greek meaning body 4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum By CJ Rothschild Function The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, “rough ER”, is a cellular organelle that is responsible for creating, folding, and translating proteins. After being folded, the proteins are then transported to the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. Location The rough ER is located directly outside of the Nucleus. It is connected to the nuclear envelope. The rough ER can be found in all eukaryotic cells, in both plant and animal cells. Fun Fact The Rough ER is sprinkled with ribosomes, which is why it is called the “rough” ER. 5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) The smooth ER is one of two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is a series of tubes, connecting in an evenly distributed web from the cell wall to the rough ER to the nuclear membrane in the center of the cell. It lacks attaching ribosomes (protein making organelles), unlike its counterpart, rough ER. The smooth ER is found in all eukaryotic cells. The function of the smooth ER varies greatly for different cells, including making carbohydrates, lipids, and cholesterol, and helping muscle cells contract. In the liver, the smooth ER creates detoxification substances, and in the brain cells and endocrine glands, it produces some types of hormones. The smooth ER also provides a transition for vesicles in the cell which move substances created in the smooth and rough ER from place to place. 6. Vesicles Vesicles • A vesicle is a small pouch that contains fluid and or gas. • It’s a membrane enclosed sac that stores and transports substances. • Vesicles are in both animal, plant, fungi, and protists cells because they are found in eukaryotic cells • The vesicles job is to transport proteins to other organelles • It looks like a small bubble inside a cell. • A vesicle forms when the membrane bulges out and pinches off • Vesicles are located in cytoplasm • They are known as liposomes 7. Golgi Complex By Will Bryan Location: The Golgi Complex, also known as the Golgi Apparatus, can be found in all Eukaryotic cells. This includes animal and plant cells. Inside these cells, the Golgi Complex is located near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus. Origin: The Golgi Complex received its name from an Italian named Camillo Golgi. Golgi discovered this membrane-bound organelle in 1898. Camillo Golgi worked as a biologist in the Italian area of Brescia. A photo of a Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi has a membrane-like covering to its outer layer. Camillo Golgi along with the fellow founders of the Golgi Complex. Function: The Golgi is known as an organelle used for “packaging.” Simple molecules enter the Golgi and are manipulated and made more complex. After this step the Golgi pinches off a piece of its membrane with the newly made molecules. These new molecules can go many places: they can become vacuoles, fuse with vacuoles, or even exit the cell. Golgi Apparatus from a side view with vacuoles forming from it. 8. Vacuoles Vacuoles Maeve Spanier Vacuoles are an organelle that is found in all plant and fungus cells. It is also found in some bacteria, protist and animal cells. There are many different purposes of a vacuole including: • Holding waste products • Holding water in plant cells • Keeping harmful things that are a threat away from the cell • Sustaining an acidic pH balance • It has small molecules within it • Distributing bad materials from the cell • Supports structures for example flowers or leaves Vacuoles are very important to plant life. In plant cells, the vacuole retains water. If the vacuole is full of water the plant will be alive. However, if the vacuole is empty, the plant will begin to wilt and die. Animal vacuoles are smaller than plant vacuoles but there are usually more of them. But there are also some animal cells that that do not have any vacuoles. In animal cells, vacuoles do not do as much as they do in plant cells because they have a different role. In animal cells they assist in exocytosis and endocytosis, two larger processes. 9. Lysosomes Lysosomes By: Michael Slatten • Found in the animal cell near vacuoles and rough endoplasmic reticulum • Purpose of lysosome is to digest things • They start digesting when the cell eats some kind of food • Size can be .1-1.2 micrometers • Basically the cells disposal of waste system (stomach of a cell) • Fun fact: nicknamed “suicide bags” or “suicide sacs” by biologists • Contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break down food • It is still up for discussion if lysosomes exist in yeasts and plants • Un-blocked short video http://highered.mcgraw-‐ hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/lysosomes.html • They digest cells that are no longer functioning or exceeded their lifetime • Mostly found in disease fighting cells in white blood cells • Have an PH of around 4.8 10. Peroxisomes Alexandra Herman Peroxisomes: Where are they found? Peroxisomes can be found in all eukaryotic cells. They are small vesicles that are surrounded only by a single membrane and do not contain a genome, DNA, or ribosomes. They are usually found freely floating in the cell cytoplasm. What do they do? Peroxisomes are known for using enzymes (small pieces in the organelles that react with molecules in order to create and break down substances) to break down potentially harmful substances in order to protect the other organelles in the cell. What are their special functions? The peroxisomes are best known for using teams of Where do they get their food and proteins? The Peroxisomes enxymes to break require import their proteins from something called the down organic and Cytosol. potentially harmful What is a Cytosol? A Cytosol is a cell fragment that molecules into remains other organelles and cell parts have slowly been What areafter some special facts about the peroxisome? another damaging removed. feeds cholesterol proteins toand thephospholipids Peroxisomes.found in heart o TheyItcreate substance, and brain tissue Hydrogen Peroxide, o They also break down long-chain fatty acids by using which is very quickly oxidization then broken down o In plants a certain kind of peroxisome is known to convert into Oxygen and o o fatty acids into carbohydrates They also break down amino and uric acids They can be found in especially large quantities of kidney cells because of their ability to break down kidney stones because they can help prevent the buildup of a chemical “oxalate” which can cause kidney stones to form 11. The Cytomembrane System Connecting the Cytomembrane By Douglas Le Clercq The Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi apparatus all work together to produce proteins and distribute them around the cell. Nucleus: The Nucleus is centrally located in the cell and is responsible for the production of ribosomes. The Nucleus can be compared to the brain of the cell. It sends out messages to ribosomes to produce polypeptide sequences, which are the basis for proteins. Proteins are multiple strings of polypeptides. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and the Golgi Apparatus: After proteins are formed they are sent all around the cell. The ER distributes many of these proteins to other parts of the cell. Proteins not needed by the ER are shipped in vesicles to other destinations along the cytoskeleton in the cell. The Golgi modifies some of the proteins then reships them off to their next destination. 12. Chloroplasts The Chloroplast What: Chloroplasts are multi-‐celled eukaryotic organelles found in plant cells and in different types of eukaryotic organisms. They specialize in photosynthesis and are involved in a plants immune response. Appearance: Shaped like a flattened oval disc, chloroplasts have a double membrane and contain a space inside known as the Stroma. The Stroma is the fluid inside that works as a skeleton inside any biological tissue and may contain starch grains. Purpose: Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis. They carry this out by capturing the suns light energy and storing it within their energy storage molecules while freeing oxygen from water. • Because Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, they are the color of green. • A single cell can contain about 200 chloroplasts. • Chloroplasts are extremely necessary in the process of photosynthesis. • On average, they are 4 to 6 micrometers in diameter. Chloroplasts are most commonly found in the leaves of plants. This is because the leaves have a large surface area which helps absorb more sunlight than any other part of the plant, making the whole process easier to carry out. 13. Mitochondria Bergen Sanderford August 29, 2013 Mitochondria The Mitochondria is an organelle found in most animals, plants, and eukaryotic cells. In diseases such as mitochondrial disorder, and cardiac dysfunction, Mitochondria organelles are found in the blood. There are a lot of things that make Mitochondria rare, such as the structural features, and the amount of Mitochondria’s in a cell. The number of Mitochondria’s in a cell can vary from one to one thousand. Mitochondria is useful because it helps keep up metabolism and it also creates energy to create respiration. Mitochondrion has both outer and inner membranes. Since the doubling of membranes, there are five distinct structural features of the Mitochondria. The first is the Outer Membrane, and then the intermembrane space, which is the space between the outer and Inner Membrane, third is the Inner Membrane, fourth is cristae space, and last but not least is the Matrix. Two Mitochondrion organelles together, and if looked at closely one can see their matrix’s. 14. Cytoskeleton Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton • Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton contains three different types of filaments. The purpose of the filaments is to create structure and to maintain cell shape. The types of filaments are: • Microfilaments- These are the thinnest filaments constructed with actin. They create movement and strength by expanding on one side and contracting on the other side. • Intermediate filamentsStronger filaments that are also related to that found in Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton. They create tension to hold cell shape • Microtubules- These are the thickest filaments and are cylinder shaped. They help to construct the flagella and the cilia. Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton • The Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton was recently discovered. Prokaryotes were discovered to have some of the same proteins and structure as that of the Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton. • The proteins in the Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton are FtsZ, MreB, ParM, and Crescentin • The functions of the Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton are to maintain cell shape and transmit information • Many of these proteins are “actin-like” meaning that they are related to Intermediate Filaments found in Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton 15. Cilia Miles Lapeyre Cilia Cilium (singular form) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia (plural form) are found in the respiratory tract. In the respiratory track, Cilia help move bacteria away from our lounges. Cilia extend outward from the cell. You will see cilia on the surface of the cell. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and non-motile or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles. We rarely see non-motile cilia. Motile Cilia Facts • Cilia are present in great quantities on some lining cells of the body, such as those along the respiratory tract 16. Flagella Organelle Project: Flagella The flagella are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They look like a tail that extends outside the cell membrane. There can be one or many flagella extending from the cell, such as the “tail” on a human sperm cell. Besides sperm cells most human cells do not have flagella. Flagella are mainly found in bacterial cells. They can be located strictly to one side, either sides or all around the cell. The flagella are used to propel the cell by rotating. Using this propulsion bacteria are able to propel themselves into a hosts body and sperm can fertilize the egg. Without flagella no cells would be capable of moving themselves around. Bacterial flagella Bacteria Flagella 17. Centrioles (Centriole Pair) Centriole A centriole cell is an organelle that has a cell structure of a cylinder. The cells found in this centriole are eukaryotic cells. It is found in vascular seedless plants, also known as, Cycads and Gingko and is sometimes found in Pinophyta, flowering plants, and most fungi. Centrioles are not found in some lineages of eukaryotes called land The important genes that are needed This plants. is a centriole in a mouse embryo for centriole growth, such as centrins, are only found in eukaryotes. Centrioles are also found in the embryo of animals during the development stage. Centrioles do not have a function that is known of as of now. Centrioles are made up of nine sets of cylinders called microtubule triplets. There are ten components of a centriole. 1. Mother centriole 2. Daughter centriole 3. Distal ends 4. Distal appendages 5. Subdistal appendages 6. Proximal ends 7. Microtubule triplets 8. Interconnecting fibers 9. Microtubules 10. Pericentriolar material 18. Cell Walls Cell Wall BY SCHAEFFER REES What cell types have cell walls? • Plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and arhaea. o Typically made of cellulose o The cellulose allows the plant to grow • Does this organelle occupy a special location o The cell wall is on the outer part of the cell • What does the organelle accomplish? o Tough rigid structure for protection and waterproofing • Fun facts o The fibres of cell walls are laid down in different directions to add strength o Cell walls make a cell called turgid with vacuole to support the plant