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Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis RNA What is RNA? • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – How is RNA physically different from DNA? • 1. Single strand not a double • 2. Contains Ribose and not deoxyribose • 3. Uracil replaces thymine as nitrogen base – DNA is the “masterplan” – RNA are the “blueprints” for protein synthesis What are the functions of RNA? • 3 Main Functions – Messenger RNA • Carries the assembly information for each protein – Ribosomal RNA • Assembles the proteins from the instructions given – Transfer RNA • Takes amino acids to the proteins that need them What is RNA Synthesis? • Transcription – Synthesis of RNA molecule from a DNA pattern – Creation of RNA – Complementary strand of DNA sequence • Same as the DNA sequence hence the same bases except for uracil – RNA Polymerase • • • • Enzyme Binds to DNA Pulls DNA apart 1 strand used to make complementary strand • Promoters – Tell RNA where to bind – Looks for specific sequences to bind to Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis Genetic Code • What are amino acids? – Building blocks of protein – Long chains of polypeptides created out of them – 9 “essential” amino acids • Proteins – Made up of different combos of amino acids – Shape and function all determined by what amino acid goes in it Genetic Code • What is Genetic Code? – Combo of the 4 bases (A,C,G,U) – 3 bases in a row makes an amino acid • • • • 3 letter combos called “codons” Some amino acids have multiple codons Read from the center to the outside 64 different codons – Used to create protein • Every protein will begin with AUG (methionine) • Certain codons will mark end of protein Codon Table Translation • Process of converting amino acids to proteins • Takes place in cytoplasm • Step 1: Transfer RNA – tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome based on pattern – Also brings the anti-codon (complementary strand) • Step 2: Joining Amino Acids – Peptide bonds form between 1st and 2nd acid – Breaks the bond between the amino acid and tRNA • Step 3: Chain Grows – Goes until it hits a stop codon Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Mutations Types of Mutations • What is a mutation? – Change in the genetic material • Gene Mutations – Occurs during replication – Changes are passed on in cell division • Daughter cells will have mutation – 1. Substitutions • One base (A,C,G,U) is changed in sequence • Sometimes there is no change (Example) – 2. Insertions • Adding a base to the sequence (Example) – 3. Deletions • Taking away a base from sequence (Example) Examples • 1. Substitutions Examples • 2 and 3. Insertions and Deletions Type of Mutations • Chromosomal Mutations – 1. Deletions • Removal of entire chromosome – 2. Duplication • Copy of chromosome made and added – 3. Inversion • Swapping of chromosomal positions – 4. Translocation • Total movement of chromosome Examples Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Gene Regulation Prokaryotic Gene Regulation • How do they regulate genes? – Through controlling transcription – Operons • Group of genes that can be regulated together • Lac Operon – Responsible for breaking down bonds when lactose is present – Lactose found in dairy products Prokaryotic Gene Regulation • Role of Promoters and Operators – Promoters • Place where RNA polymerase binds • Allows for transcription – Operators • Place where Lac repressor binds to DNA – These are how transcription is regulated – Lac repressor will keep things from happening when needed Hox Genes • Role of Hox Genes – – – – Controls the formation of the body Tells body parts where to go in development Also tells the body when it needs to develop Humans have them