* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 11 DNA and Genes Section 2 From DNA to Protein Genes and Proteins • The sequence of nucleotides in DNA are a code for building (1) proteins. • Proteins are important because they – make up (2) – a) some structures in organisms. – b) enzymes that control the rate of all chemical reactions in organisms RNA • RNA is a nucleic acid that helps the cell build proteins. • www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html • RNA is made up of a (3) single strand of nucleotides. RNA Structure • RNA nucleotides differ from DNA nucleotides in 2 ways –Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar –(4) Uracil instead of thymine –So RNA bases are A-U and C-G Difference Between DNA and RNA • DNA –Deoxyribose sugar –Thymine –Double strand –A-T, C-G • RNA –Ribose sugar –Uracil –Single strand –A-U, C-G 5. Three Types of RNA a. Messenger RNA (m-RNA) b. Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) c. Transfer RNA (t-RNA) 6. Messenger RNA • Copies DNA’s instructions for making proteins and brings those instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. • www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/rna.html 7. Ribosomal RNA • Makes up the ribosome. The ribosome binds to mRNA and uses the instructions to hook together amino acids into long chains that will become proteins. 8. Transfer RNA • Brings amino acids to the ribosomes based on the RNA code. • ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/.../chpt15/chpt15.htm 9. Transcription • When m-RNA is copied from DNA, the process is called transcription. • It begins in the nucleus. Steps of Transcription • DNA molecule must (10) unzip. • RNA nucleotides form base pairs with DNA nucleotides. RNA nucleotides bond together to form an m-RNA molecule • m-RNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Science at a Distance © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Professor John Blamire Transcription The Genetic Code • When m-RNA enters the cytoplasm, it has instructions for how to build proteins. These instructions are written in a (11) nitrogen base language and must be translated into a language that proteins understand. Genetic Code • On m-RNA, a sequence of 3 nucleotides is called a (12) codon. • GCU ACG GAG CUU CGG AGC UAG •. • www.answers.com/topic/genetic-code • Each codon codes for a specific (13) amino acid http://www.biology.arizona.edu All contents copyright © 1996. All rights reserved. (14) Translation • Translation is when the message in the nitrogenous base sequence of m-RNA is changed into an amino acid sequence in proteins. Proteins • Proteins are made up of (15) 20 different amino acids. • The sequence of the amino acids determines the function of the protein. Role of t-RNA • Each t- RNA can bond to a specific amino acid on one side of the t-RNA molecule. • The other side of the t-RNA molecule has 3 nitrogenous bases called (16) anticodons. • Anticodons form base pairs with (17) codons during translation Steps of Translation • The codon AUG is a start codon. This codon is the first step in the building of proteins. • staff.jccc.net/.../translation/steps.html Steps of Translation • m-RNA attaches to ribosome • t-RNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome. • t-RNA anticodons form base pairs with m-RNA codons. • © 2006 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Steps of Translation • t-RNA anticodons form base pairs with m-RNA codons. • Amino acids form (18) peptide bonds to one another and break away from t-RNA. • Amino acids will continue to bond together until a stop codon is encountered. At this point, the amino acid chain will enter the cytoplasm for further processing. • Brooklyn College City University of New York Translation Translation encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/MRNA-intera 19) Central Dogma Central Dogma ra