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8.4 Transcription KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. NEW VOCABULARY (Def. on next 2 slides) Central Dogma RNA Transcription RNA Polymerase Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rDNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) MAIN IDEAS 1. 2. 3. 8.4 Transcription NEW VOCABULARY • Central Dogma • A theory that states, in cells, information flows in one direction: from DNA RNA proteins. • RNA • Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis. • You can think of RNA as a temporary copy of DNA that is used, then destroyed. • Transcription • The process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of messenger RNA. 8.4 Transcription VOCABULARY CONTINUED… • RNA Polymerase • Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template. • Enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule. • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • RNA that is in the ribosome & guides the translation of mRNA into a protein. • Forms part of the ribosomes = cell’s protein factories. • Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Form of the RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. 8.4 Transcription Main Idea #1: RNA carries DNA’s instructions. • The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins. 8.4 Transcription • The central dogma includes three processes. – Replication – Transcription replication – Translation transcription • RNA is a link between DNA and proteins. translation 8.4 Transcription • RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. – RNA has a ribose sugar NOT a deoxyribose sugar. – Because it has one more oxygen atom. – RNA has the base uracil instead of the base thymine. – RNA is a single-stranded structure. – Remember DNA is a double stranded structure. 8.4 Transcription Main Idea #2: Transcription makes three types of RNA. • Transcription copies DNA to make a strand of RNA. • Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase. • RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex. • The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment of it. start site transcription complex nucleotides 8.4 Transcription – Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA. – RNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together. – The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed. DNA RNA polymerase moves along the DNA 8.4 Transcription – The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed. RNA 8.4 Transcription • Transcription makes three types of RNA. – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein. – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made. – Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome. 8.4 Transcription Main Idea #3 The transcription process is similar to replication. • Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and complementary base pairing. • The two processes have different end results. – Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies one gene growing RNA strands a gene. – Replication makes one copy; DNA transcription can make many copies.