* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Genetics Unit 4 – Genetic Technology
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic studies on Bulgarians wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Genetics Unit 6 – Allelle Frequencies and Genetic Technology Chapter 14 – Pages 267 – 270 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - Uses constant allele frequencies to predict _____________________________ frequencies that change from generation to generation - Allows us to determine whether _________________ has occurred In order for equilibrium to stay in effect, ____________________________ can occur. ________________________ must occur, and populations must be ___________. _________________ p = % frequency of _________________ alleles in population q = % frequency of _________________ alleles in population ____________________________ p2 = % ______________________________ individuals 2pq = % _____________________________ individuals q2 = % ______________________________ individuals Example Problems 1. About 17% of people in the U.S. have blue eyes. Blue eyes are autosomal recessive. What are the odds that you carry a blue eye gene? q2 (bb) = __________________________ q (b) = 0.412 p+q=1 p (B) = ___________________________ 2pq (Bb) = carriers = ________________________ = .485 = 48.5% 2. Approximately 85% of U.S. whites are lactose tolerant, while only 25% of African Americans have this recessive condition. What are the frequencies of the genotypes “LL” and “Ll” for the U.S. white population? q2 (ll) = ___________________________ q (l) = 0.92 p+q=1 p (L) = ___________________________ p2 (LL) = 0.0064 = 0.64% 2pq (Ll) = ________________________ = 0.1436 = 14.36% Chapter 15 – Sections 15.1-15.3, 15.5, 15.7 How does evolution, natural selection, and population migration affect human genetics? - Changing allele frequencies lead to microevolution * Causes of change 1. Nonrandom mating – like __________________ mate Ex.- CF U.S. Whites = ________________________ = 1/2,116 U.S. Asians = ________________________ = 1/90,000 Hopi Indian albinism = __________ 2. Migration between different populations Ex. – CF – U.S. Asians x U.S. Whites _____________________ = 1/13,800 Galactokinase deficiency is common in Bulgarian Vlax Roma gypsies 1/2000, 1/52,000 in all Bulgarian gypsies, and 1/2.2 million Swiss. This is a ___________ (Neighboring populations with ____________________________________). 3. Genetic drift caused by reproductive isolation a) Founder Effect - occurs when population size is _______ to start with due to _________________ The Blue People of Troublesome Creek b) Population bottleneck – occurs when many members of a group _____ and ___________________________ the numbers Jewish massacres – Table 15.4 – ___ diseases 4. ________________ that introduce new alleles into a population 5. __________________ allows higher probability of people with a specific trait to have viable, fertile offspring under certain environmental conditions than individuals with other traits. Balanced Polymorphism – ____________________________ that allow a detrimental allele to persist in a population. These are driven by ______________. 1. Sickle Cell Anemia – Carrier – _______________ ** autosomal recessive SS = death from _______ NN = death from ___________ NS = no SCA, evolutionary protection for __________ due to RBC structure 2. G6PD deficiency – Carrier – Malaria ** __________________________ – low enzyme level XgY = male death from ___________ XGY = male death from ___________ XgXg = female death from _____________ XGXG = female death from _______________ XGXg = no G6PD, evolutionary protection for malaria due to RBC structure 3. PKU (Irish, Scottish) – Carrier – _____________ Infection ** PKU is autosomal recessive pp = PKU & _____________________ PP = fungal toxin from ________________ causes miscarriages Pp = no PKU, no miscarriages due to fungus being destroyed by elevated _________________________ levels 4. Tay-Sachs (Jews) – Carrier – ___________________ ** Tay-Sachs is autosomal recessive tt = death by ___________________ (age 2-5) TT = get ______ Tt = no Tay-Sachs, or TB due to lower enzyme levels preventing ____________ 5. CF (Whites) – Carrier – ________________ Diseases ** CF is autosomal recessive cc = death by ____ CC = death by ______________ to diseases such as cholera and typhus. Cc = No CF, or diarrheal diseases due to ____________________ in intestines 6. Diabetes Mellitus (Jews, Pimas) & ________________________ Type II = cells do not take up glucose from the bloodstream leading to weight gain Famine = not enough food In-between = ________________________________ 7. HIV & ____________________ HIV & Black Death (bacterial) = death - _____________ in U.S. & the United Kingdom have in-born immunity to both due to two defective genes. One defective gene ________ the infection. Should we control immigration? Should we limit human reproduction by controlling breeding and thus altering the genetic structure of our population (eugenics)? Chapter 19 – Section 19.3 DNA ___________________ – variations in DNA sequences between individuals - found in ______________ (many mutations) - _________________ are used to ______ DNA into ________ (page 273). - We all have different RFLP’s due to the _______________ DNA ______________ – compare known RFLP lengths vs. unknown samples - fragments are separated using _______ = fingerprints (_______ pattern) - odds ________________ of someone else having your print. Recombinant DNA Technology - First done by _________________________________ in 1972. - “________________________” sticky ends - DNA is the same in every creature, so any gene can ________ be transferred. - Restriction Enzyme = enzymes that cut DNA at specific _________________ (restriction sites) making “____________________” - over ______ different enzymes - Palindrome = __________________ - GAATTC - CTTAAG – - palindromes designate ___________________ in DNA - Eco R1 = ______________________________ GAATTC sticky ends attract sticky ends attract CTTAAG - different ___________________________ cut at different palindromes - ______________ = enzyme that pastes DNA back together The Steps of Recombinant DNA Technology 1. Isolate DNA ___________________. 2. Add a specific __________________ that splices out only _________ gene. 3. Isolate ___________________ from bacterium. 4. Add same restriction enzyme to plasmid DNA that was used with the donor DNA. This enzyme can only __________________________ to open it up. 5. _________________ the two DNA samples. 6. Complementary sticky ends will join with the addition of _________ to form _____________________ between __________. 7. Insert the plasmid back into the bacteria acting as a ________. 8. Bacteria will _______________, pass on the new _________________, and perform a new ____________. Drugs produced by G.E.: Table 19.2, page 386 First one - ___________ Tumor Necrosis Factor – kills tumors by ________________________, and they ____________ or are ____________. Can be produced in ____________ or __________________________ ______________ – lab grown liver, cartilage, bone, skin, intestine, cornea, kidney, etc. - used for ______________________________________________ - Benefits – ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________