Download Genetics Unit 4 – Genetic Technology

Genetics Unit 6 – Allelle Frequencies and Genetic Technology
Chapter 14 – Pages 267 – 270
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Uses constant allele frequencies to predict _____________________________
frequencies that change from generation to generation
- Allows us to determine whether _________________ has occurred
In order for equilibrium to stay in effect, ____________________________ can occur.
________________________ must occur, and populations must be ___________.
_________________
p = % frequency of _________________ alleles in population
q = % frequency of _________________ alleles in population
____________________________
p2 = % ______________________________ individuals
2pq = % _____________________________ individuals
q2 = % ______________________________ individuals
Example Problems
1. About 17% of people in the U.S. have blue eyes. Blue eyes are autosomal
recessive. What are the odds that you carry a blue eye gene?
q2 (bb) = __________________________
q (b) = 0.412
p+q=1
p (B) = ___________________________
2pq (Bb) = carriers = ________________________ = .485 = 48.5%
2. Approximately 85% of U.S. whites are lactose tolerant, while only 25% of African
Americans have this recessive condition. What are the frequencies of the
genotypes “LL” and “Ll” for the U.S. white population?
q2 (ll) = ___________________________
q (l) = 0.92
p+q=1
p (L) = ___________________________
p2 (LL) = 0.0064 = 0.64%
2pq (Ll) = ________________________ = 0.1436 = 14.36%
Chapter 15 – Sections 15.1-15.3, 15.5, 15.7
How does evolution, natural selection, and population migration affect human
genetics?
- Changing allele frequencies lead to microevolution
* Causes of change
1. Nonrandom mating – like __________________ mate
Ex.- CF
U.S. Whites = ________________________ = 1/2,116
U.S. Asians = ________________________ = 1/90,000
Hopi Indian albinism = __________
2. Migration between different populations
Ex. – CF – U.S. Asians x U.S. Whites
_____________________ = 1/13,800
Galactokinase deficiency is common in Bulgarian Vlax Roma gypsies 1/2000, 1/52,000
in all Bulgarian gypsies, and 1/2.2 million Swiss. This is a ___________ (Neighboring
populations with ____________________________________).
3. Genetic drift caused by reproductive isolation
a) Founder Effect - occurs when population size is _______ to start with due to
_________________
The Blue People of Troublesome Creek
b) Population bottleneck – occurs when many members of a group _____ and
___________________________ the numbers
Jewish massacres – Table 15.4 – ___ diseases
4. ________________ that introduce new alleles into a population
5. __________________ allows higher probability of people with a specific trait to have
viable, fertile offspring under certain environmental conditions than individuals
with other traits.
Balanced Polymorphism – ____________________________ that allow a
detrimental allele to persist in a population. These are driven by ______________.
1. Sickle Cell Anemia – Carrier – _______________
** autosomal recessive
SS = death from _______
NN = death from ___________
NS = no SCA, evolutionary protection for __________ due to RBC structure
2. G6PD deficiency – Carrier – Malaria
** __________________________ – low enzyme level
XgY = male death from ___________
XGY = male death from ___________
XgXg = female death from _____________
XGXG = female death from _______________
XGXg = no G6PD, evolutionary protection for malaria due to RBC structure
3. PKU (Irish, Scottish) – Carrier – _____________ Infection
** PKU is autosomal recessive
pp = PKU & _____________________
PP = fungal toxin from ________________ causes miscarriages
Pp = no PKU, no miscarriages due to fungus being destroyed by elevated
_________________________ levels
4. Tay-Sachs (Jews) – Carrier – ___________________
** Tay-Sachs is autosomal recessive
tt = death by ___________________ (age 2-5)
TT = get ______
Tt = no Tay-Sachs, or TB due to lower enzyme levels preventing ____________
5. CF (Whites) – Carrier – ________________ Diseases
** CF is autosomal recessive
cc = death by ____
CC = death by ______________ to diseases such as cholera and typhus.
Cc = No CF, or diarrheal diseases due to ____________________ in intestines
6. Diabetes Mellitus (Jews, Pimas) & ________________________
Type II = cells do not take up glucose from the bloodstream leading to weight
gain
Famine = not enough food
In-between = ________________________________
7. HIV & ____________________
HIV & Black Death (bacterial) = death
- _____________ in U.S. & the United Kingdom have in-born immunity to both
due to two defective genes. One defective gene ________ the infection.
Should we control immigration? Should we limit human reproduction by controlling
breeding and thus altering the genetic structure of our population (eugenics)?
Chapter 19 – Section 19.3
DNA ___________________ – variations in DNA sequences between individuals
- found in ______________ (many mutations)
- _________________ are used to ______ DNA into ________ (page 273).
- We all have different RFLP’s due to the _______________
DNA ______________ – compare known RFLP lengths vs. unknown samples
- fragments are separated using _______ = fingerprints (_______ pattern)
- odds ________________ of someone else having your print.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- First done by _________________________________ in 1972.
- “________________________” sticky ends
- DNA is the same in every creature, so any gene can ________ be transferred.
- Restriction Enzyme = enzymes that cut DNA at specific _________________
(restriction sites) making “____________________”
- over ______ different enzymes
- Palindrome = __________________
- GAATTC - CTTAAG –
- palindromes designate ___________________ in DNA
- Eco R1 = ______________________________
GAATTC sticky ends attract
sticky ends attract CTTAAG
- different ___________________________ cut at different palindromes
- ______________ = enzyme that pastes DNA back together
The Steps of Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Isolate DNA ___________________.
2. Add a specific __________________ that splices out only _________ gene.
3. Isolate ___________________ from bacterium.
4. Add same restriction enzyme to plasmid DNA that was used with the donor
DNA. This enzyme can only __________________________ to open it up.
5. _________________ the two DNA samples.
6. Complementary sticky ends will join with the addition of _________ to form
_____________________ between __________.
7. Insert the plasmid back into the bacteria acting as a ________.
8. Bacteria will _______________, pass on the new _________________, and
perform a new ____________.
Drugs produced by G.E.: Table 19.2, page 386
First one - ___________
Tumor Necrosis Factor – kills tumors by ________________________, and they
____________ or are ____________.
Can be produced in ____________ or __________________________
______________ – lab grown liver, cartilage, bone, skin, intestine, cornea, kidney, etc.
- used for ______________________________________________
- Benefits – ________________________
________________________
________________________
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