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Pre- AP Biology 11: CHAPTER 12 & 16
DNA: Information and Heredity, Cellular Basis of Life
Learning objectives
Read pages 336-359 of “Biology” Miller & Levine (Chapter 12) and the photocopied
supplements from Biology Campbell & Reece (Chapter 16) to make your Cornell notes
and understand the following learning objectives. Remember these are NOT questions
but guidelines for your note taking. Reading for comprehension and identifying key ideas
and concepts is a skill required for AP Biology. NO COPIED NOTES ALLOWED!
Identifying the Substance of Genes (12.1)
1. How did Griffith’s experiment with bacteria transformation yield clues about the role
of genes? (Pages 338-339)
2. How did Avery’s experiment identify DNA as the transforming factor? (Page 340)
3. How did Hershey and Chase’s experiment with T4 bacteriophages confirm that DNA
not proteins was the transforming factor? (Page 341)
The Role of DNA (12.1)
1. Describe (use figure 12-4) and explain the role of DNA. (Pages 342-343)
The Structure of DNA (12.2)
1. Identify the subunits of DNA. (Page 344)
2. What are the three basic components of this subunit? (Page 344)
3. Diagram and label one of the four nucleotides; Thymine (see figure 12-5 page 345 or
use the internet). What are the names of the other three nucleotides?
4. Describe type of bonding that occurs between the bases that make the sides of the
DNA strand. (Page 344)
5. Describe and explain Chargaff’s rule. (Page 345)
6. Explain what is meant by saying DNA is a double helix and is anti-parallel? (Page 347)
Make a diagram of DNA (refer to figure 12-7 page 348).
7. What holds the two strands of DNA together? (Page 348)
8. What is meant by the term “base pairing” (Page 348)
DNA Replication (Chapter 16 Biology Campbell & Reece)
1. Describe the semiconservative model of replication.(Page 118)
2. Describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of the origins of
replication and replication forks. (Page 118)
3. Explain the role of DNA polymerases in replication.(page 118)
4. Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand.(118-119)
5. Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA polymerase can
add nucleotides only to the 3’ end. Describe the significance of Okazaki
fragments.(Pages118 -119)
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6. Explain the roles of DNA ligase, primer, primase, helicase, topoisomerase, and
single-strand binding proteins. (Page 118)
7. Demonstrate your knowledge by answering the interactive question 16.5 on page 119.
8. Explain the roles of DNA polymerase, mismatch repair enzymes, and nuclease in
DNA proofreading and repair.(Page 119)
9. Describe the structure and function of telomeres.(Page 119)
10. Explain the possible significance of telomerase in germ cells and cancerous
cells.(Page 119)
Bacterial and Eukaryotic Chromosomes (12.3 & Ch. 16 Biology Campbell & Reece)
11. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication.(Ch. 12 Page 352-353)
12. Describe the role of histones and nucleosomes in replication.(Ch. 16 Page 120)
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