Download DNA Notes Name_____________________________ assign

Protein Synthesis
2.
Name___________________________________assign.#______
UNIT GOALS:
– Distinguish between ________ and __________.
– Explain the role of DNA in ___________________ and ____________________ cellular information.
– Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of __________ __________
including – alterations during replication, insertions, deletions, substitutions, mutagenic factors, radiation, chemicals.
– Examine the use of DNA _______________ in forensics, medicine and agriculture.
34:
DNA
Title:”___________________ ______________________”
Process called:
35.
Process called:
31. Where are proteins made? ____________________What organelle?____________
Does the DNA leave the nucleus? _________
How does the “code” get to the ribosome? _______________________________________
Protein Synthesis
37.-47.
Step 2: ________________________
Step 1: _______________________
Location:________________
Location:________________
What is made?__________________
 A _____________________ of the DNA is
made…the copy is called _________________
______ or mRNA.

What is made?__________________
Once the mRNA copy is made, it can _____ _____ the
ribosome to be to make a ____________ (translated)
To have the correct translation of the code, mRNA
__________ must join with the correct
______________ of the tRNA.
There are _______ amino acids.

_______


 The mRNA ___________ ______
_________ to the ribosome.
 During transcription the
DNA__________________ and RNA nucleotide are
______________ _____ with the DNA bases.
 The section that is copied is called a ___________.
 The gene contains the ____________for a protein.
brings the amino acids to the
ribosome.
o
o
40. Compare and Contrast:
The three letter code on the mRNA is called a
______________.
The three letter code on the tRNA that is matched
up with the mRNA is called an ______________.
Transcription/ Translation Practice:
DNA
RNA
What is the correct Amino Acid Sequence?
DNA: A C G T A T C G A T C
G
# of Strands
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
Tpotential
C Cappearance
C Gof new
T traits
A including-Alterations
T G C T
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes inDNA:
DNA and
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
1
Bases
Sugar
Leaves the nucleus?
48. Eukaryotic DNA processing: Sometimes the DNA is ____ __ before it leaves the nucleus.

Exon - RNA sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mRNA
Intron - RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing
49. Answer:_____
#1 DNA
50. Answer:______
T A C
C G C
51. Answer:______
T C C
G C C

52. Answer:______
G T C
G A C
A A T
There are
________different
amino acids.
______ bases ______
for each amino acid.
A C C
A C T
mRNA
_____________________________________________________________________________
tRNA
_____________________________________________________________________________
AAs
_____________________________________________________________________________
#2 DNA
________________________________________________________________________________
mRNA
A U G
tRNA
________________________________________________________________________________
AAs
________________________________________________________________________________
A C U
A G C
U G G
G G G
U A U
U A C
U U U
U A G
Mutations
•
•
Every so often genes do change.
A sudden change in the genetic code is
called a ___________.
•
Most mutations have little or no
___________ on the organism.
•
Mutations can be spontaneous or may be
caused by environmental factors called
________________.
Mutations in DNA usually occur through one of two processes:
1- DNA damage from environmental agents such as :
____________, ______________, ________________,
___________________ (ex: substances in tobacco products)
2- Errors that occur when a cell replicates its DNA in preparation for
cell division.
56.
•
•
______________
An enzyme may “fix” the wrong base.
Types of Mutations
1. _______ _______ ________________
 The substitution of one
amino acid for another
during protein synthesis.
 Can be harmless or it change
the entire protein.
 Ex: _______-________
anemia
2. _________________ mutation
 _____________ or
_______________
 When one or more base
pairs are __________
into a DNA molecule or
__________ from it.
 Causes a reading frame
shift during
_____________.
DNA Technology
61. Forensics: DNA fingerprinting is used to __________________ people through a process
known as DNA fingerprinting.
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
2
63. Gel electrophoresis: Scientist ____________ up DNA into ____________ using enzymes. They load the pieces into a
____________ and run electricity through the _______. The pieces of DNA move to the other end of the gel. The smaller
pieces move farther. The gel is then __________________ to a known sample.
66. Medicine: Researchers use recombinant DNA technology to analyze genetic changes.

They cut, splice together, and insert the modified DNA molecules from different species into bacteria or another type of
cell that rapidly replicates and divides.

The cells copy the foreign DNA right along with their own DNA.

An example of this is the gene for ___________ ______________ inserted into a
bacterium. This is how human insulin is mass produced.
68. Agriculture:
Sheep are used in the production of alpha-1 antitrypsin, which is used in the treatment of
emphysema.
• Goats are also producing the CFTR protein used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

• The buds of ____________plants are vulnerable to worm
attacks. The buds of a modified cotton plant resist these
____________, resulting in increased cotton production.
• These gene insertions are ecologically ____________ than
pesticides. They affect only the _______________ pest.
Cloning
• Plant biologists have used DNA technology to produce plants
with many _____________ _________. These include
increased disease resistance, herbicide resistance, and
increased nutritional content.
73. Scientists today have developed genetically ____________ __________.
Among them are strains of bacteria that
• eat up ________ ___________
• manufacture alcohol and other _____________
• process _______________.
 Make human ___________
There is ______________about possible ____________ to the environment and the general population as genetically
engineered bacteria are introduced.
Protein Synthesis Review
name_______________________________
III: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
9.
Consider the following DNA strand below. Write the sequence of bases for the product of transcription here:
Remember: transcription produces RNA using the DNA strand as a template!
½ DNA Strand: TAC CGT TCT GCT AAA TAT ACC ACT
10. What is the third codon in the mRNA you produced in? ______
11. What would be the third anticodon? ______
12. What is the function of the following in translation?
Messenger RNA: _____________________________________
Ribosome: __________________________________________
Transfer RNA: ______________________________________
13. What is the relationship between codon and anticodon? Why is it important? _________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
3
14. Using the mRNA you produced in #9, what is the sequence of amino acids in this protein?
_______________________________________________________
IV: MUTATIONS:
15. What is a mutation? ____________________________________________________________
16. Are mutations good or bad? Explain? ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
17. What are 3 basic types of mutation? ________________________________________________
18. Fill in the missing information:
V: DNA TECHNOLOGY:
19. How can DNA technology (information) be used in medicine? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
20. How can DNA technology (information) be used in agriculture? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
21. How can DNA technology (information) be used in Forensics? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
22. Which suspect is responsible for the crime (sample DNA taken from
crime scene)? ____________
23. What is a transgenic organism? ______________________
______________________________________________
24. What are restriction enzymes? ______________________
______________________________________________
25. What is recombinant DNA? _________________________
______________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
4
Gene Mutations and Proteins Activity
Objective: To demonstrate how gene mutations affect the production of proteins?
Procedure:
1. Use the following base sequence of one strand of an imaginary DNA molecule:
AATTGAACACATGCGCCC.
2. Write the base sequence for an mRNA strand that would be transcribed from the given DNA sequence. Place your
results in the table below.
3. Use the table on page 303 to determine the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein fragment. Place your
results in the table below.
Original Strand of DNA
Original ½ of DNA strand
A
A
T
T G
A A
C
A
C
A
T
G
C
G
C
C
C
mRNA from
_____________________________________________________
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
_____________________________________________________
4. 1st MUTATION: If the fifth base in the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, how would this
affect the resulting protein fragment? Write the new protein fragment in the table below.
Original ½ of DNA strand
A
A
T
T
G
A
A
C
A
C
A
T G
C
G
C
C
C
mRNA
_____________________________________________________
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
_____________________________________________________
How is this protein different from the original protein in #3 (before the mutation)? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What type of mutation took place? __________________________________
5. 2nd MUTATION: If a G were added to the original DNA strand after the third base, what would the
resulting mRNA look like? How would this addition affect the protein? Show your results in the table below.
Original ½ of DNA strand
A
A
T
T
G
A
A
C
A
C
A
T
G
C
G
C
C
C
mRNA
____________________________________________________
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
_____________________________________________________
How is this protein different from the original protein in #3 (before the mutation)? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
What type of mutation took place? _________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
5
6. What type of mutation is this?
Mutation information:
There are five possible results of a mutation.
1. Silent mutation: When a base pair is substituted
but the change still codes for the same amino acid in
the sequence:
Ex: TCT and TCC both code for the amino acid Serine
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
Mutated Strtand: AGTAGCTAGTGACGT
________________________________
7. What type of mutation is this?
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
2. Substitution: When a base pair is substituted and
the new codon codes for a different amino acid:
Mutated Strtand: AGTAGCAAGCTGACGT
Ex: TCT codes for Serine and CCT codes for Proline
FROM YOUR BOOK- On your own:
________________________________
3. Premature Stop: When a substitution results in
the formation of a STOP codon before all of the
codons have been read and translated by the ribosome.
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACC –– GTGGTCTGAAACACC
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-STOP
4. Codon Deletion or Insertion: A whole new amino
acid is added, or one is missing from the mutant
proton:
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACC –– GTGGTCTGCCGAAACACC
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-Cys-Pro-Asn-Thr
5. Frame Shift: When a deletion or insertion results
in a different base pair being the beginning of the next
codon, changing the whole sequence of amino acids
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACCT ––-- GTGGTCGAAACACCT
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-Glu-Thr-Pro
QUESTIONS:
1. Which type of mutation is responsible for new
variations (alleles) of a trait?
_____________________________
2. Which type of mutation results in abnormal amino
acid sequence?
___________________________________
3. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the
mRNA?
_____________________________________
4. Are all mutations bad? Explain.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. What type of mutation is this?
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
Mutated Strand: AGTAGCCTAGCTGACGT
________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
6
Starter-DNA Structure Review
1) What is the complementary strand of the ½ of DNA?
A T A G A T G C G C T A G T A
2) What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? (what are its 3 parts)?
3) What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of (its
backbone)?
4) What are the rungs (middle) of the DNA double helix made
of? (list them)
5) Where is the DNA located in the cell? _________________
6) How many chromosomes do you have in your somatic cells?
DNA “cut outs” POSTActivity Questions
Your name: _______________________________ Partner’s name:_________________________________
1) Write the DNA sequence here (the ½ I gave you):
_____________________________________________
2) Write the corresponding mRNA sequence here: _____________________________________________
3) Give the tRNA that would base pair with the mRNA: ______________________________________________
4) What are the amino acids in your protein?
_____________________________________________
5) What were the codons in the example above? _______________________________
6) What were the anitcodons in the example above? ____________________________
7) How would your protein in #4 be different if the 3rd base in the DNA was changed to an A? Would
it change anything? If so, what? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explain the relationship between DNA, mRNA, tRNA, Ribsomes, and a protein. (4 complete sentences)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
7
DNA Vocab Quiz #2
1. Messenger RNA
QUIZ on _______
2. Transfer RNA
3. Gene
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. Codon
7. Anti-Codon
8. Intron
9. Exon
10. Genetic Code
11. Amino Acid
12. Protein
13. Polypeptide
14. Mutation
15. RNA
16. Transgenic organism
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role of
DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations during
replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
8
GA Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA & RNA. b. Explain the role
of DNA in storing & transmitting cellular information. d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including-Alterations
during replication.-Insertions-Deletions-Substitutions-Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA such as High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) & Chemicals
9