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CHNOPS A Model of Protein Synthesis Honors Biology PRE-LAB DISCUSSION Genes are the biological units that determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood type. Genes are short segments of DNA that have the instructions for making the proteins that our cells need to make. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. In a process called transcription, which takes place in the nucleus of the cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequence into the form of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this code out to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized (assembled). The code, DNA or mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together. The code words, or codons, in mRNA, however, are not directly recognized by the corresponding amino acids. Another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed to match the mRNA codons and amino acids together. As the code carried by mRNA is “read” on a ribosome, the proper tRNA’s arrive in turn and provide the correct amino acids to the growing amino acid chain. The process by which the information from mRNA is transferred into the language of proteins is known as translation. In this investigation, you will simulate the process of protein synthesis and thereby determine the traits inherited by fictitious organisms called CHNOPS. CHNOPS, whose cells contain only one chromosome, are members of the kingdom Animalia. A CHNOPS chromosome is made up of only six genes (A, B, C, D, E, and F), each of which is responsible for one certain trait. PROCEDURE 1. To determine the trait for Gene A of your CHNOPS, fill in the information in the box labeled Gene A in the Data Table. First, simulate transcription by using the DNA sequence to write a complementary sequence of mRNA. Then, simulate translation by using the charts provided to translate the mRNA codon into an amino acid sequence. 2. Using the charts provided, find the trait that matches the amino acid sequence for Gene A. Record this information in the appropriate place in the Data Table. 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the remaining genes (B through F) 4. Using all the inherited traits, sketch your CHNOPS in the space provided below the Data Table – in color. 5. Finally, answer the questions provided. mRNA UGG UCG GCU UUG AUU CCC UGU UUU AAA AAC AGA GGG CAC GAU GAG Amino Acid Tryptophan Serine Alanine Leucine Isoleucine Proline Cysteine Phenylalanine Lysine Asparagine Arginine Glycine Histidine Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Amino Acid Sequence Trait Tryp-GluA-Arg Hairless Tryp-Asp-Arg Hairy Tryp-Iso-Pro Plump Arg-Iso-Leu Skinny Ser-Ala Four-legged Asp-Cys-Phe-Gly Long nose Pro-Cys-Phe-Gly Short nose Lys-Phe No freckles Lys-Leu Freckles GluA-AspA-Ala Blue skin GluA-AspA-AspA Orange skin His-His-AspA Male His-His-Thr Female Gene A DNA ACC TTG TCT mRNA ___________ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Gene B DNA AGC CGA mRNA ________ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Gene C DNA TTT AAC mRNA _______ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Gene D DNA CTC CTA CGA mRNA ____________ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Gene E DNA GGG ACA AAA CCC mRNA ________________ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Gene F DNA GTG GTG CTA mRNA ___________ Amino acid Sequence __________ Trait ______________ Sketch your CHNOPS here (in color!): Analysis and Conclusions: 1. Where are an organism’s genes found? On what cellular structures? 2. Name and very briefly describe the two steps necessary for protein synthesis. a. b. 3. What kind of molecule results from the process of transcription? 4. Where in the cell does transcription take place? 5. What enzymes are involved in transcription? 6. What are introns and what are exons? 7. Where in the cell does translation take place? 8. What kind of molecule results from the process of translation? 9. Explain why DNA can be referred to as the blueprint (or instructions) for proteins. 10. What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA? 11. What is the advantage of making an RNA copy of the genetic information contained in DNA? 12. What is a codon? What does it represent? 13. Are there any codons that do not code for an amino acid? Which ones and what do they code for? 14. List all the codons that code for the amino acid Leucine 15. What does it mean that the genetic code is “universal”? 16. You have a segment of a DNA molecule with the following bases: TAC GTA AAC CGT a. What is the order of bases on the complementary strand of mRNA? b. What is the sequence of amino acids that would result from this molecule? 17. How might one change in a DNA nucleotide change the formation of the protein? What is this change called? 18. How would the deletion or addition of a single nucleotide change the resulting protein?