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FORM B
Biology Standards Based Benchmark Assessment (5th Quarter)
Physiology (9 a-e) (10 a-e)
1. The main organ of the integumentary system is the skin (a
cross section is shown above). The primary immunity role
of the organ below is
4. Using the figure below, determine which of the
following responses best describes the reaction
taking place?
a. to produce hair for temperature regulation.
b. to produce odor causing sebum to stave off
bacteria.
c. to protect underlying organs from tissue damage
caused by air.
d. to act as the first line of defense against disease.
2. What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had
damage to the skin?
a. Damaged tissue entering the bloodstream.
b. Loss of oils produced by the skin.
c. Excessive muscle contractions in the damaged
area.
d. Infections in uncovered tissues.
3. Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of molecules
that kill or limit the growth of many types of microbes.
This control of microbes is an example of
a. a specific immune response to infection by
microbes.
b. a non-specific defense against infection.
c. a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis.
d. an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reaction.
a. The immune system mounts a specific targeted
defense against antigens found on the bacteria
using T cells and B helper cells.
b. The immune system mounts a specific defense
using phagocytes that engulf targeted bacteria
only.
c. The immune system mounts a nonspecific
defense against any bacteria found within the skin
barrier using phagocytes.
d. The immune system mounts a nonspecific
defense against specific antigens using T cells
and B helper cells.
5. Which statement is true about non-specific defenses?
a. They play a minor role in the body’s defense
against infection.
b. They distinguish between different kinds of
infectious agents.
c. They do not work against bacteria and other
infectious agents.
d. They keep most agents of infection out of the
body.
6. A substance that triggers the immune response is known as
a(n)
a. antibody
b. phagocyte
c. B cell
d. antigen
7. Refer to the illustration below. The most likely reason for
Response 2 being greater than Response I in the graph is
a. more bacteria entered at point C than at point A.
b. memory cells were produced in Response I.
c. antibodies from Response I were still in the
blood.
d. macrophages increased their production of
antibodies.
8. Which of the following can inactivate pathogens directly
OR signal immune cells that pathogens are present?
a. histamines
b. antigens
c. vaccines
d. antibodies
9. In the figure above there are structures labeled A and
B, and structures #1, #2 and #3. Identify which
structures are the antigens and which structures are
the antibodies.
a. Structures A and B are antigens and #1, #2 and
#3 are antibodies.
b. Structure A is the antigen, B is the antibody and
#1, #2 and #3 are proteins on the surface of the
bacteria cell.
c. Structures A and B are the antibodies and #1, #2
and #3 are the antigens.
d. Structure #1 is the antibody for Structure B
antigen.
10. Looking at the figure above, the interaction between
antibodies and antigens is shown. Choose the
statement below that best matches the relationship
between A and B with #1, #2, and #3.
a. Structure B matches with structure #1 only and
structure A matches with structure #3 only.
b. There is no specific relationship between
structures A and B with structures #1, 2, or 3,
they can match up with each other randomly.
c. Structure A matches with structure #3, structure
B matches with structure #1, and BOTH A and B
match with structure #2.
d. Structure A matches with structure #1 and
structure B matches with structure #2, and BOTH
A and B match with structure #3.
11. A weakened pathogen is injected in a vaccination
because the weakened pathogen can
a. Compete with regular pathogens.
b. Force B cells to produce antigens.
c. Stimulate an immune response.
d. Cause a weaker form of disease.
12. When a person receives a vaccine for a disease like
chicken pox, his or her body
a. receives the antibodies against the chicken pox
pathogen.
b. produces memory cells that provide resistance to
that pathogen.
c. produces antigens to fight the chicken pox
pathogen.
d. immediately begins fighting the infection caused
by the chicken pox pathogen.
13. All students are required to have vaccines before entering
public school. Use the information in the above figure to
recognize if this vaccine requirement is a good idea.
a. There is no good reason to vaccinate for a
disease, since the body will make antibodies and
have a response to the infection even without the
vaccine. People aren’t sick for very long before
the first response is strong enough.
b. Vaccines give you the actual pathogen, which
can make you get the disease. This triggers the
Response 1, but you feel sick since you have the
disease and you can pass it on to others.
c. Because the second exposure increases the
number of antibodies, students should wait until
they enter school to be exposed to the disease.
d. The primary immune response took longer to be
most effective and less antibodies were made. A
vaccine would trigger the primary immune
response, so when the person was exposed to the
pathogen the response would be faster and
stronger like the secondary response.
14. Biologists now know that viruses
a. are the smallest organisms.
b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid
coat.
c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein coat.
d. all form the same crystalline shape.
15. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections
because
a. viruses are protected inside their host cells.
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the
antibiotics.
c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that
viruses do not perform.
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from
entering the virus.
16. Use the figure above and identify the correct
pathway of the primary immune response in a
person.
a. A - B - C - D - E
b. A - B - D - E - C
c. A - E - B - D - C
d. A - C - E - B - D
17. Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can
protect that individual from a disease because the
proteins of the killed bacteria
a. Bind with the receptors in the body, so that live
bacteria cannot bind with them later.
b. Give the person a mild form of the disease,
which conditions the body not to respond to later
infection.
c. Remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey
on them instead of live tissues.
d. Stimulate the production of antibodies which can
be manufactured later in response to infection.
22. All of the following are ways that HIV can be spread
EXCEPT
a. sharing needles for intravenous drug use.
b. tending to another person’s bleeding wound
when you have a cut on your hand.
c. using another person’s hairbrush.
d. having sex without a condom.
18. Refer to the illustration above. Which structures represent
genetic material?
a. Structure A and E
b. Structure C and E
c. Structure D and C
d. Structure D and E
19. Refer to the illustration above. Which description below
best explains how the virus reproduces?
a. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The cell parts are
taken FROM B into A, then the virus makes
more copies of the virus.
b. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The genetic material
in A is injected into B and then the cell parts are
used to make more copies of the virus.
c. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The virus pulls
the genetic material from A into B and then uses
it to make more copies of the virus.
d. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The bacteria
pulls the virus genetic material from B into A to
make more copies of the virus.
20. Antibiotics fight infections by
a. preventing viruses from replicating.
b. killing bacteria.
c. killing infected cells.
d. growing green mold that inhibits bacterial
growth.
21. HIV can be transmitted
a. through sexual contact.
b. through the sharing of non-sterile needles.
c. to infants during pregnancy or through breast
milk.
d. All of the above
23. HIV weakens the immune system by killing
a. antibodies
b. B cells
c. Helper T cells
d. Killer T cells
24. Which statement is true about opportunistic
diseases?
a. They occur only in people with AIDS.
b. They are caused by the AIDS virus.
c. They occur in anyone who has a weakened
immune system.
d. They occur in everyone who is HIV positive.
25. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a
pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the
population because people with HIV
a. are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing
organisms.
b. release substances that increase the strength of
the pneumonia-causing organisms.
c. are more often exposed to these pneumoniacausing organisms.
d. release pheromones that attract the pneumoniacausing organisms.
29. What keeps blood flowing in only one direction
through the circulatory system?
a. blood pressure
b. ventricles
c. valves
d. heart contractions
Figure 2
30.
Figure 1
26. When looking at Figure 1 above, identify the four body
systems shown.
a. digestive, reproductive, circulatory, nervous
b. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous
c. immune, respiratory, circulatory, excretory
d. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory
27. Which nutrient moves in or out of the body through the
circulatory system?
a. glucose
b. oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. urea
28. The function of the digestive system is to
a. chemically break down food.
b. mechanically break apart food.
c. absorb nutrient materials.
d. All of the above
Figure 2 shows two human blood vessels, A and B,
connected by a capillary bed, C. The capillary bed is
found in the feet. Which of the statements is true?
a. Vessel B is an artery, vessel A is a vein.
b. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in
location X and lower in location Y.
c. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in
location Y and lower in location X.
d. X and Y will have the same concentrations of O2
31. There are some diseases that cause paralysis due to
the loss of the myelin sheath from spinal nerves.
Why is the myelin sheath so important for the
nervous system to function properly?
a. The myelin sheath transmits impulses from one
neuron to another.
b. The myelin sheath insulates synapses between
the neurons to keep the charges from leaking to
other neurons.
c. It provides nourishment for the neurons in the
form of glucose.
d. It insulates the axons to prevent the positive or
negative charges from leaking out of the neuron.
36. _________________ transmit messages from the
CNS (central nervous system) to a muscle or gland
and ______________ transmit messages to the
spinal cord or brain.
a. dendrites// axons
b. axons//dendrites
c. motor neurons // sensory neurons
d. sensory neurons// motor neurons
Figure 6
32. Identify the structures labeled A, B and C in Figure 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
A is the cell body, B is a dendrite, C is an axon.
A is a dendrite, B is an axon, C is a cell body.
A is a dendrite, B is a cell body, C is an axon.
A is an axon, B is a cell body, C is a dendrite.
37. Identify the type of neuron labeled A in the figure
below.
a. Stimulus neuron
b. interneuron
c. Motor neuron
d. Sensory neuron
38. If the axon in Figure 6 is part of a motor neuron, to
what cell are the impulses being passed?
a. brain and spinal cells.
b. muscle and gland cells.
c. brain and muscle cells.
d. optic (eye) and auditory (ear) cells.
33. A nerve impulse begins when
a. Negative ions flow down an axon and change the
electric charge of a neuron.
b. Dendrites let negative ions pass through an axon
of a neuron.
c. Positive ions move across the cell membrane of a
neuron.
d. Neurotransmitters flow down an axon of a
neuron.
34. Refer to Figure 6. At the locations labeled 1, 3, and 4, the
inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to
the outside. At the location labeled 2, the inside of the
neuron is positively charged. Which direction does the
nerve impulse travel?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A  B  C.
B  A  C.
C  B  A.
C  A  B.
35. A change in the concentration of Na+ ions and K+ ions
across the cell membrane of a neuron will generate
a.
b.
c.
d.
a reflex response.
a stimulus
an action potential
a negative feedback loop.
Figure 7
39. A main component of the central nervous system is
the spinal cord. Many reflex messages do not pass
up to the brain, but are integrated in the spinal cord,
as seen in Figure 7. What part of the spinal cord is
responsible for integration?
a. The white matter which is made of cell axons is
used.
b. The gray matter which is made of cell axons is
used.
c. The gray matter which is made of cell bodies is
used.
d. Both gray and white matter are made of a mix of
cell bodies and axons and is used.
40. In order to stimulate an effector in a toe, which pathway
does a nerve impulse follow after it is initiated at a
receptor?
a. Sensory neuron  motor neuron  interneuron
b. Interneuron  motor neuron  Sensory neuron
c. interneuron Sensory neuron  motor neuron
d. Sensory neuron  interneuron  motor neuron
Use the Figure below to answer the following
question.
41. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system is
(are) responsible for the soccer player to kick a soccer
ball?
a. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions are used.
b. Only the motor division is used.
c. Only the somatic nervous system is used.
d. Both the motor and sensory divisions are used.
42. The autonomic nervous system controls
a. reflexes.
b. voluntary movement.
c. involuntary functions of the internal organs.
d. locomotion.
43. Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a
rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a
stressful situation. These body responses are most likely a
direct result of the interaction between the
a. digestive and endocrine systems.
b. digestive and respiratory systems.
c. nervous and endocrine systems.
d. nervous and circulatory systems.
44. What is a role of the central nervous system?
a. Transmitting messages from sense organs.
b. Transmitting messages to the brain.
c. Receiving messages from sense organs.
d. Receiving messages from the brain.
45. Look at the Figure above. Many times a person
encounters a dangerous stimulus, such as touching a
hot stove. The body reacts almost instantly to
prevent injury. Which of the following statements
best explain how this process can happen?
a. The message travels from the fingertips through
the motor neurons to the brain, then back through
the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a
reflex.
b. The message travels from the fingertips through
sensory neurons to the spinal cord, then back
through the motor neurons to the muscles, called
a reflex.
c. The message travels from the fingertips through
the sensory neurons to the brain, then back
through the motor neurons to the muscles, called
a reaction.
d. The message travels from the fingertips through
the motor neurons to the brain, then back through
the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a
reaction.
Figure 4
46. Observe in Figure 4, the pancreas produces one hormone
that lowers blood sugar level and another that increases
blood sugar level. Which statement best describes the
feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas?
a. The pancreas always produces less glucagon than
insulin, regardless of blood glucose levels.
b. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to the
production of insulin..
c. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the
amount of insulin in the blood.
d. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon at
the same time and the same amount.
47. Leptin is a hormone that inhibits (decreases) appetite. As
levels of leptin increase in your blood,
a. you feel thirsty.
b. you feel less hungry.
c. you feel more hungry.
d. you stop eating.
48. The nervous and endocrine systems interacts through the
a. kidneys.
b. pituitary gland.
c. hypothalamus.
d. thyroid gland.
Figure 5
49. In Figure 5, as blood pressure increases, this triggers
a response from the brain to decrease heart rate. The
effect was a decrease in blood pressure. What is this
process an example of?
a. A positive feedback loop.
b. A negative feedback loop.
c. A negative cardiac loop.
d. A positive neurological loop.
50. What do pituitary hormones directly control?
a. The rate of cell activities.
b. Other endocrine glands.
c. The hypothalamus.
d. The secretion of TRH.