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FORM B Biology Standards Based Benchmark Assessment (5th Quarter) Physiology (9 a-e) (10 a-e) 1. The main organ of the integumentary system is the skin (a cross section is shown above). The primary immunity role of the organ below is 4. Using the figure below, determine which of the following responses best describes the reaction taking place? a. to produce hair for temperature regulation. b. to produce odor causing sebum to stave off bacteria. c. to protect underlying organs from tissue damage caused by air. d. to act as the first line of defense against disease. 2. What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin? a. Damaged tissue entering the bloodstream. b. Loss of oils produced by the skin. c. Excessive muscle contractions in the damaged area. d. Infections in uncovered tissues. 3. Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of molecules that kill or limit the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of a. a specific immune response to infection by microbes. b. a non-specific defense against infection. c. a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis. d. an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reaction. a. The immune system mounts a specific targeted defense against antigens found on the bacteria using T cells and B helper cells. b. The immune system mounts a specific defense using phagocytes that engulf targeted bacteria only. c. The immune system mounts a nonspecific defense against any bacteria found within the skin barrier using phagocytes. d. The immune system mounts a nonspecific defense against specific antigens using T cells and B helper cells. 5. Which statement is true about non-specific defenses? a. They play a minor role in the body’s defense against infection. b. They distinguish between different kinds of infectious agents. c. They do not work against bacteria and other infectious agents. d. They keep most agents of infection out of the body. 6. A substance that triggers the immune response is known as a(n) a. antibody b. phagocyte c. B cell d. antigen 7. Refer to the illustration below. The most likely reason for Response 2 being greater than Response I in the graph is a. more bacteria entered at point C than at point A. b. memory cells were produced in Response I. c. antibodies from Response I were still in the blood. d. macrophages increased their production of antibodies. 8. Which of the following can inactivate pathogens directly OR signal immune cells that pathogens are present? a. histamines b. antigens c. vaccines d. antibodies 9. In the figure above there are structures labeled A and B, and structures #1, #2 and #3. Identify which structures are the antigens and which structures are the antibodies. a. Structures A and B are antigens and #1, #2 and #3 are antibodies. b. Structure A is the antigen, B is the antibody and #1, #2 and #3 are proteins on the surface of the bacteria cell. c. Structures A and B are the antibodies and #1, #2 and #3 are the antigens. d. Structure #1 is the antibody for Structure B antigen. 10. Looking at the figure above, the interaction between antibodies and antigens is shown. Choose the statement below that best matches the relationship between A and B with #1, #2, and #3. a. Structure B matches with structure #1 only and structure A matches with structure #3 only. b. There is no specific relationship between structures A and B with structures #1, 2, or 3, they can match up with each other randomly. c. Structure A matches with structure #3, structure B matches with structure #1, and BOTH A and B match with structure #2. d. Structure A matches with structure #1 and structure B matches with structure #2, and BOTH A and B match with structure #3. 11. A weakened pathogen is injected in a vaccination because the weakened pathogen can a. Compete with regular pathogens. b. Force B cells to produce antigens. c. Stimulate an immune response. d. Cause a weaker form of disease. 12. When a person receives a vaccine for a disease like chicken pox, his or her body a. receives the antibodies against the chicken pox pathogen. b. produces memory cells that provide resistance to that pathogen. c. produces antigens to fight the chicken pox pathogen. d. immediately begins fighting the infection caused by the chicken pox pathogen. 13. All students are required to have vaccines before entering public school. Use the information in the above figure to recognize if this vaccine requirement is a good idea. a. There is no good reason to vaccinate for a disease, since the body will make antibodies and have a response to the infection even without the vaccine. People aren’t sick for very long before the first response is strong enough. b. Vaccines give you the actual pathogen, which can make you get the disease. This triggers the Response 1, but you feel sick since you have the disease and you can pass it on to others. c. Because the second exposure increases the number of antibodies, students should wait until they enter school to be exposed to the disease. d. The primary immune response took longer to be most effective and less antibodies were made. A vaccine would trigger the primary immune response, so when the person was exposed to the pathogen the response would be faster and stronger like the secondary response. 14. Biologists now know that viruses a. are the smallest organisms. b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat. c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein coat. d. all form the same crystalline shape. 15. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because a. viruses are protected inside their host cells. b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics. c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that viruses do not perform. d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus. 16. Use the figure above and identify the correct pathway of the primary immune response in a person. a. A - B - C - D - E b. A - B - D - E - C c. A - E - B - D - C d. A - C - E - B - D 17. Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria a. Bind with the receptors in the body, so that live bacteria cannot bind with them later. b. Give the person a mild form of the disease, which conditions the body not to respond to later infection. c. Remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on them instead of live tissues. d. Stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection. 22. All of the following are ways that HIV can be spread EXCEPT a. sharing needles for intravenous drug use. b. tending to another person’s bleeding wound when you have a cut on your hand. c. using another person’s hairbrush. d. having sex without a condom. 18. Refer to the illustration above. Which structures represent genetic material? a. Structure A and E b. Structure C and E c. Structure D and C d. Structure D and E 19. Refer to the illustration above. Which description below best explains how the virus reproduces? a. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The cell parts are taken FROM B into A, then the virus makes more copies of the virus. b. A is a virus, B is a bacteria. The genetic material in A is injected into B and then the cell parts are used to make more copies of the virus. c. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The virus pulls the genetic material from A into B and then uses it to make more copies of the virus. d. A is a bacteria and B is a virus. The bacteria pulls the virus genetic material from B into A to make more copies of the virus. 20. Antibiotics fight infections by a. preventing viruses from replicating. b. killing bacteria. c. killing infected cells. d. growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth. 21. HIV can be transmitted a. through sexual contact. b. through the sharing of non-sterile needles. c. to infants during pregnancy or through breast milk. d. All of the above 23. HIV weakens the immune system by killing a. antibodies b. B cells c. Helper T cells d. Killer T cells 24. Which statement is true about opportunistic diseases? a. They occur only in people with AIDS. b. They are caused by the AIDS virus. c. They occur in anyone who has a weakened immune system. d. They occur in everyone who is HIV positive. 25. Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the population because people with HIV a. are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing organisms. b. release substances that increase the strength of the pneumonia-causing organisms. c. are more often exposed to these pneumoniacausing organisms. d. release pheromones that attract the pneumoniacausing organisms. 29. What keeps blood flowing in only one direction through the circulatory system? a. blood pressure b. ventricles c. valves d. heart contractions Figure 2 30. Figure 1 26. When looking at Figure 1 above, identify the four body systems shown. a. digestive, reproductive, circulatory, nervous b. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous c. immune, respiratory, circulatory, excretory d. digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory 27. Which nutrient moves in or out of the body through the circulatory system? a. glucose b. oxygen c. Carbon dioxide d. urea 28. The function of the digestive system is to a. chemically break down food. b. mechanically break apart food. c. absorb nutrient materials. d. All of the above Figure 2 shows two human blood vessels, A and B, connected by a capillary bed, C. The capillary bed is found in the feet. Which of the statements is true? a. Vessel B is an artery, vessel A is a vein. b. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in location X and lower in location Y. c. O2 concentrations in the blood will be higher in location Y and lower in location X. d. X and Y will have the same concentrations of O2 31. There are some diseases that cause paralysis due to the loss of the myelin sheath from spinal nerves. Why is the myelin sheath so important for the nervous system to function properly? a. The myelin sheath transmits impulses from one neuron to another. b. The myelin sheath insulates synapses between the neurons to keep the charges from leaking to other neurons. c. It provides nourishment for the neurons in the form of glucose. d. It insulates the axons to prevent the positive or negative charges from leaking out of the neuron. 36. _________________ transmit messages from the CNS (central nervous system) to a muscle or gland and ______________ transmit messages to the spinal cord or brain. a. dendrites// axons b. axons//dendrites c. motor neurons // sensory neurons d. sensory neurons// motor neurons Figure 6 32. Identify the structures labeled A, B and C in Figure 6. a. b. c. d. A is the cell body, B is a dendrite, C is an axon. A is a dendrite, B is an axon, C is a cell body. A is a dendrite, B is a cell body, C is an axon. A is an axon, B is a cell body, C is a dendrite. 37. Identify the type of neuron labeled A in the figure below. a. Stimulus neuron b. interneuron c. Motor neuron d. Sensory neuron 38. If the axon in Figure 6 is part of a motor neuron, to what cell are the impulses being passed? a. brain and spinal cells. b. muscle and gland cells. c. brain and muscle cells. d. optic (eye) and auditory (ear) cells. 33. A nerve impulse begins when a. Negative ions flow down an axon and change the electric charge of a neuron. b. Dendrites let negative ions pass through an axon of a neuron. c. Positive ions move across the cell membrane of a neuron. d. Neurotransmitters flow down an axon of a neuron. 34. Refer to Figure 6. At the locations labeled 1, 3, and 4, the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside. At the location labeled 2, the inside of the neuron is positively charged. Which direction does the nerve impulse travel? a. b. c. d. A B C. B A C. C B A. C A B. 35. A change in the concentration of Na+ ions and K+ ions across the cell membrane of a neuron will generate a. b. c. d. a reflex response. a stimulus an action potential a negative feedback loop. Figure 7 39. A main component of the central nervous system is the spinal cord. Many reflex messages do not pass up to the brain, but are integrated in the spinal cord, as seen in Figure 7. What part of the spinal cord is responsible for integration? a. The white matter which is made of cell axons is used. b. The gray matter which is made of cell axons is used. c. The gray matter which is made of cell bodies is used. d. Both gray and white matter are made of a mix of cell bodies and axons and is used. 40. In order to stimulate an effector in a toe, which pathway does a nerve impulse follow after it is initiated at a receptor? a. Sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron b. Interneuron motor neuron Sensory neuron c. interneuron Sensory neuron motor neuron d. Sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron Use the Figure below to answer the following question. 41. Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system is (are) responsible for the soccer player to kick a soccer ball? a. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are used. b. Only the motor division is used. c. Only the somatic nervous system is used. d. Both the motor and sensory divisions are used. 42. The autonomic nervous system controls a. reflexes. b. voluntary movement. c. involuntary functions of the internal organs. d. locomotion. 43. Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a stressful situation. These body responses are most likely a direct result of the interaction between the a. digestive and endocrine systems. b. digestive and respiratory systems. c. nervous and endocrine systems. d. nervous and circulatory systems. 44. What is a role of the central nervous system? a. Transmitting messages from sense organs. b. Transmitting messages to the brain. c. Receiving messages from sense organs. d. Receiving messages from the brain. 45. Look at the Figure above. Many times a person encounters a dangerous stimulus, such as touching a hot stove. The body reacts almost instantly to prevent injury. Which of the following statements best explain how this process can happen? a. The message travels from the fingertips through the motor neurons to the brain, then back through the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a reflex. b. The message travels from the fingertips through sensory neurons to the spinal cord, then back through the motor neurons to the muscles, called a reflex. c. The message travels from the fingertips through the sensory neurons to the brain, then back through the motor neurons to the muscles, called a reaction. d. The message travels from the fingertips through the motor neurons to the brain, then back through the sensory neurons to the muscles, called a reaction. Figure 4 46. Observe in Figure 4, the pancreas produces one hormone that lowers blood sugar level and another that increases blood sugar level. Which statement best describes the feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas? a. The pancreas always produces less glucagon than insulin, regardless of blood glucose levels. b. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to the production of insulin.. c. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood. d. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon at the same time and the same amount. 47. Leptin is a hormone that inhibits (decreases) appetite. As levels of leptin increase in your blood, a. you feel thirsty. b. you feel less hungry. c. you feel more hungry. d. you stop eating. 48. The nervous and endocrine systems interacts through the a. kidneys. b. pituitary gland. c. hypothalamus. d. thyroid gland. Figure 5 49. In Figure 5, as blood pressure increases, this triggers a response from the brain to decrease heart rate. The effect was a decrease in blood pressure. What is this process an example of? a. A positive feedback loop. b. A negative feedback loop. c. A negative cardiac loop. d. A positive neurological loop. 50. What do pituitary hormones directly control? a. The rate of cell activities. b. Other endocrine glands. c. The hypothalamus. d. The secretion of TRH.