Download Exam4StudyQuestions

Exam 4 Study Questions (new material only)
This study guide contains general questions that are designed to refresh your memory about the
topics we have covered in the last section of the course. It is not an exhaustive list of topics, but
it touches most of what we covered. Other good sources of review are the blue “concept check”
boxes in the text, the end of chapter questions, and the practice questions available online at your
textbook website (masteringbio.com).
Approximately half of the questions on the final will cover this new material. The rest of the
questions will review the main topics covered the first three segments of the course.
Immune system (Chapters 43, 39.5)
 What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?
 What is the difference between B cell and T cells?
 What is the role of helper T cells?
 What are antibodies? How are we able to create such a diversity of antibodies?
 What is the role of the MHC complex in immunity? Explain the different functions of
MHC1 and MHC2 and the kinds of cells that have each.
 Explain in detail the sequence of events that govern our immune response to
o An extra-cellular pathogen (humoral response)
o A virus that has infected one of your cells (cellular response)
 How do vaccines work?
 What causes allergies?
 Compare the vertebrate immune system to the immune system of insects or plants.
Neurons (Chapter 48)
 What is the general structure of a neuron?
 Review the various kinds of ion pumps and channels.
 What is the resting potential of a neuron? How is it created? Why is it negative?
 Explain the changes in voltages that occur during an Action Potential. What is the
chemical basis for the voltage changes? How does an action potential propagate down a
neuron? Why does it only go one direction?
 How (in detail) does a synapse transfer an action potential from one neuron to the next?
 Be familiar with some examples of how various drugs influence neurotransmitters.
 Some neurotransmitters are generally excitatory and others are generally inhibitory.
What causes that difference in reponse to the different neurotransmitters? Why is it
important that simultaneous input signals at synapses are summed?
The Nervous System (Chapter 49)
 Outline the main parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
 If all action potentials are identical, how can we have so many different sensations or
thoughts or actions?
 What are the main parts of the brain and what are the primary functions of each?
 What is the difference between the autonomic and motor systems? What is the difference
between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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How are memories formed?
Sensation and Movement (Chapter 50)
 What are the main kinds of sensory neurons?
 Explain in detail how we sense touch, sound, taste, smell, and light.
 What kinds of senses do plants have? How does that differ from animal sensation? (if you
missed that lecture, you can find some of that material in chapter 39).
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How do muscles contract? What is the role of actin, myosin, ATP, and Ca++?
How does a signal from the brain (an action potential) result in muscle contraction?