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Cells And Their Functions
Diagram Of An Animal Cell
Cell Parts
1. Nucleus
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Ribosomes
5. Peroxisome
6. Golgi Apparatus
7. Vacuole (Lysosome)
8. Mitochondrion
9. Cytoskeletal Element
10. Plasma Membrane
11. Centrioles
Diagram Of A Plant Cell
Cell Parts
1. Nucleus
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Ribosomes
5. Golgi Apparatus
6. Vacuole (Lysosome)
7. Peroxisome
8. Mitochondrion
9. Plasma Membrane
10. Cytoskeletal Element
11. Cell Wall
12. Chloroplast
Cell Parts’ Functions
Nucleus:
 Cell Compartmentalization
 Gene Expression
 Processing of Pre-mRNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
 Transport of Proteins
 Insertion of Proteins into the Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane
 Glycosylation
 Disulfide Bond formation and Rearrangement
 Drug Metabolism
Ribosomes:
 Workhorses of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA
into protein.
Golgi Apparatus:
 Integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules
for cell secretion (exocytosis) or use within the cell
 Primarily modifies proteins delivered from the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation
of Lysosomes
 Plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans
 A major site of carbohydrate synthesis
 Plays a putative role in Apoptosis
Vacuole (Lysosome):
 Cell's waste disposal system and can digest many compounds
 Used for the digestion of macromolecules from phagocytosis
(ingestion of other dying cells or larger extra cellular material, like
foreign
invading
microbes), endocytosis (where receptor
proteins are recycled from the cell surface), and autophagy (where in
old or unneeded organelles or proteins, or microbes that have
invaded the cytoplasm are delivered to the Lysosome).
 Digesting foreign bacteria (or other forms of waste)
Peroxisome:
 Breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation
 Polarized when fighting fungal penetration
Mitochondrion:
 Energy Conversion
 NADH and FADH2: The Electron Transport Chain
 Pyruvate and The Citric Acid Cycle
 Heat production
 Storage of Calcium Ions
It also play a central role in many other metabolic tasks, such as:
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Regulation of the Membrane Potential
Apoptosis-programmed Cell Death
Calcium Signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis)
Cellular Proliferation Regulation
Regulation of Cellular Metabolism
Certain Heme Synthesis Reactions
Steroid Synthesis
Plasma Membrane:
 Surrounds the protoplasm of a cell
 Physically separates the intracellular components from the extra
cellular environment (Animal Cell)
 Mechanical support for the cell and precludes passage of the larger
molecules (Fungi, Bacteria and Plants)
 Plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the
cell, and in attaching to the extra cellular matrix and other cells to
help group cells together to form tissues.
 Facilitate the transport of materials needed for survival
 Maintains the cell potential
Cell Wall:
 Provides cells with structural support and protection
 Acts as a filtering mechanism
 Act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water
enters the cell.
Chloroplasts:
 Capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and
reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called
photosynthesis
Centrioles:
 Involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the
completion of cytokinesis
Cytoskeletal element:
 Plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement
of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division
Conclusion
Through this research, I have found out that there are many different
cell parts in both, the animal and plant cells. Each cell part performs
various functions, contributing to the cell’s well being in one way or
another. In addition, from the research that I have done, I have a better
view of the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell. Moreover, I
have actually learnt about many cell parts that could not be found in our
textbooks. This science research has been an interesting one, which
benefited me.
Done By:
Tan Guan Fan
1A2-26
References:
1. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cells.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Wall
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrioles
14. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/index.html