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Transcript
Science 8 Ms. Morin Name ______________ Date _________ Blk __ Chapter 1 (p.6-51): The cell is the basic unit of life. Chapter Opener (p.6-7) 1) Define cell. The basic unit of life. 2) What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular living things? Organisms that are composed of only one cell are unicellular and organisms composed of many cells are multicellular. Ex. Unicellular – Stentor, Ex. Multicellular – human, animal, plant 3) Define organism. Anything composed of either one or more cells. Unicellular or multicellular. 4) In this chapter, you will: identify the characteristics of Living and Non-Living things demonstrate an understanding of _CELLS explain the processes of Diffusion and Osmosis 1.1 Observing Living Things (p.8-21) AMAZING SURVIVAL STORIES 5) Describe one example of a living thing that has special features which help it survive. Your example CANNOT come from the textbook. Mountain pine beetle – releases pheromones to attract other beetles for mating, Salmon uses chemo-sensory to navigate back to their native 1 streams, Bears hibernate, bird life south in the winter, Monarch butterfly flies in migrations CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 6) List the FIVE characteristics of living things AND give an example of each characteristic. CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE Living things respond to their Scaring a student in science 8 class environment by responding to a causes them to jump out of their stimulus chair Living things need energy Plants need carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and sugars Bears need to eat to get fat reserves for the winter Living things grow Cells divide and increase in number therefore an organism will grow. Cells will continually die and be replaced. A sunflower seed will grow into a massive sunflower Living things reproduce Genetic information needs to be passed on. Animals and plants will reproduce prior to dying Living things must get rid of wastes Animals produce wastes such as carbon dioxide, feces and urine. Plants waste is oxygen 7) Define stimulus. Is anything that causes a living thing to respond. 2 EXAMINING VERY SMALL LIVING THINGS 8) List THREE types of microscopes. _magnifying lens_ ______Compound light microscope_____ ___Electron Microscopes_____/scanning electron microscope__ 9) Define electron micrograph. Images created from using an electron microscope._____ 10) Define scanning electron microscope. ___SEM uses electrons to bounce on the surface of a microorganism and allows creates an image that allows a scientist to see detail on the surface of the microorganism_ EARLY MICROSCOPES 11) When were early microscopes built? late 1600 and early 1700_____ 12) What was the approximate magnification of Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s first microscopes? ____250X___ 13) What is the proper way to carry a microscope? _______Always have one hand on the base and one hand on the neck 14) A compound microscope has __TWO____ sets of lenses. When you look through a compound microscope, you will observe an image that is __MAGNIFIED___, ___INVERTED_, and ___REVERSED______. 15) Draw how the letter “G” would appear when viewed through a compound light microscope. 16) Define magnification power. An objective lens has either low (4X), medium (10X) or high magnification power (40x). The eye piece usually has a magnification 3 power of 10X, therefore the actual magnification of the object observing is the eyepiece lens times the objective lens 17) The objective lenses on most compound light microscopes used in schools today have these powers of magnification: low-power objective lens: __4x__ medium-power objective lens: ___10x___ high-power objective lens: __40x__ 18) Usually, the lens in the eyepiece has a magnification of _10x__ 19) Define resolving power. ______The ability to distinguish between two dots or objects that are very close together.______ 20) The resolving power of a compound light microscope is about 0.2 microns. Explain what this means. _______It means that a compound light microscope only has the ability to view objects that are greater than 0.2 microns, otherwise it won’t allow you to distinguish between the two.________________ 1.2 Cells (p.22-39) USING AN ANALOGY TO UNDERSTAND A CELL 21) Define analogy. ____It’s a tool to help understand a science concept by making a comparison___________ INSIDE A CELL 22) Define organelle. 4 ______is a cell structure in which functions are carried out to ensure the cell’s survival_________ 23) Organelles take up about 5_ to _30_ percent of a cell. The rest of the cell consists of __water_. 24) Define cell membrane. ____A membrane or “wall” that separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings. _Allows particles to enter and leave the cell.__ 25) Define cytoplasm. __________Jelly like substance that contains organelles, water, and other life supporting materials____ THE FUNCTIONS OF CELL ORGANELLES 26) Define nucleus. Is the control center of the cell. It controls all the functions and activities within the cell 27) What does DNA stand for? __deoxyribonucleic acid_ 28) What is the function of DNA? __DNA carries the heredity material that is passed on from generation to generation. _______ 29) Define mitochondria. Energy producing cell organelle. It carries out cellular respiration. It is opposite to photosynthesis. 30) Define cellular respiration. __Chemical energy created from the food that we consume is changed into energy that cells can use to carry out their activities______ 5 31) The total of all the chemical reactions that take place in our cells is called our __metabolism__. 32) Why are there more mitochondria in a muscle cell than in a cheek cell? ____Our muscle cells do more work than our cheek cells and therefore require more mitochondria to produce that energy.____ 35) Write the equation for cellular respiration in the space below Food + oxygen >>>>> carbon dioxide and water and energy that can be used by living things. TYPICAL ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS 36) Label the animal cell shown below. 37) Label the plant cell shown below. 6 ORGANELLES FOR ASSEMBLY, TRANSPORT, AND STORAGE 38) Define the following terms. TERM PROTEINS DEFINITION Are the building blocks for the variety of structures in the cell RIBOSOMES Proteins are created by ribosomes >> manufacturing warehouse for proteins. Some are floating in the cytoplasm while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum ENDOPLASMIC Network of membrane covered channels that sort and or RETICULUM distribute proteins GOLGI BODY Packaging and sorting of proteins and vesicle producing VESICLES Membrane wrapped structures such as vacuoles VACUOLES Temporary storages containers of either proteins, nutrients, and water. Used to transport around or out of the cells LYSOSOME Destroys old organelles and recycles them when they wear out 7 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS 39) Name the TWO cell parts that are found in plants but not in animals AND give the function of each. CELL PART FUNCTION Cell wall Tough rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell support and protection from desiccation Chloroplasts Traps and converts sunlight energy into chemical energy for plants. Photosynthesis occurs here. 40) Write the equation for photosynthesis in the space below. Light energy + carbon dioxide + water >>> food + oxygen 41) List the ways that plant cells differ from animal cells. Photosynthesis occurs in plants __ PLANTS HAVE ONE LARGE VACUOLE___ ______Plant cells have cell walls______ _______Plant cells have chloroplasts 8 CELL THEORY 42) Who first identified cells? __ROBERT HOOKE_____________ In what year? _1665_ 43) Which scientist proved that living things could not come from non- living things? ___Louis Pasteur_ In what year? __1864_ 44) List the three main principles of the cell theory. _________The cell is the basic unit of life_________ All organisms are composed of one or more cells ______All cells come from other living cells_____ PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS 45) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? _______Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells usually have a cell wall, DNA, ribosomes and cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells range from unicellular to multicellular organisms.________ ___ 46) Multicellular organisms and a few unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, are composed of ___Eukaryotic__ cells. BACTERIA 47) Define bacteria. _______Are prokaryotic cells and come in 3 different shapes. Cocci, Baccilli, Spirilla______ 48) To date, there are over __5000_ different types of bacteria that can be found in environments all over Earth. 49) Give two examples of harmful bacteria. _____Ecoli__________ ____________Salmonella_______________ 9 50) Give two examples of helpful bacteria. Bacteria that produces cheeses, or medicine _______Bacteria that lines our stomach__________________ 51) Name and draw the three different shapes of bacteria. SHAPE DRAWING Cocci Spheres Baccilli Rods Spirilla spirals VIRUSES 52) Define virus. ________Tiny, non-living particles that reproduce only when they are inside a host cell. It has no nucleus and no organelles. It carries only DNA. Viruses come in different shapes._______ 1.3 Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane (p.40-49) WHAT IS DIFFUSION? 53) Diffusion results when particles move from an area of _HIGHER____ concentration to an area of __LOWER____ concentration. 54) Define concentration. _______the amount of substance in a given space__________ DIFFUSION AND THE CELL MEMBRANE 55) Why is the cell membrane called a selectively permeable membrane? 10 _______It allows some materials to pass through it but keeps other materials out._______ 56) Draw and label the diagram in Figure 1.32 on page 42 of your textbook in the space below. 57) Define equilibrium. ____When the concentration of particles is in balance across a selectively permeable membrane_____ OSMOSIS 58) Osmosis is the diffusion of _____water_____ through a selectively permeable membrane. 59) In osmosis, water particles move from an area of ___higher__ concentration to an area of ___lower__ concentration. WATER FLOW THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE 11 60) To predict the direction of water flow through a cell membrane, you have to compare the _____water concentrations _____ on both sides of the membrane. 61) Complete the table shown below. SITUATION a) there are equal DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW In and out of the concentrations of water membrane SIZE OF CELL Normal size inside and outside the cell membrane b) there is a higher Water will enter the concentration of water cell more than it will outside the cell than exit the cell Blown up cell - enlarged inside c) there is a higher Water will exit the cell concentration of water more than it will enter inside the cell than the cell Shrunk cell - smaller outside APPLICATION OF OSMOSIS 62) Explain how the antibiotic drug penicillin uses the process of osmosis to destroy harmful bacteria. _______Penicillin acts by preventing the bacteria from producing a substance that strengthens their cell walls. Our bodies have a higher concentration of water than there is in the bacterial cells. Water flows into 12 the bacteria causing it to swell therefore the bacteria will burst and die._________________________________________ REVERSE OSMOSIS 63) Reverse osmosis occurs when water flows from an area of __lower__ concentration to an area of ___higher___ concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. 64) Reverse osmosis can happen only when the pressure on the lower concentration side of the membrane is __increased__. 65) List four uses of reverse osmosis. Desalinate water – filtering salt out of seawater __purifying maple syrup_______ __increasing concentration of fruit juices_____ ______Treating sewage_________________ ALL DONE!! 13 14