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The Cell Notes
History of the Cell
 In 1665, ______________ ________________ used a crude microscope to observe a thin
slice of cork (dead plant cells)
 Noticed “little boxes” which he then named cells because they looked like the small rooms
that monks lived in that they called their cells
 In 1673, _________________ ______________________, a microscope maker, was the first
to observe living organisms using a microscope
•He

observed organisms from pond water and from scrapings from his teeth
In 1838, German botanist _______________ ____________________ concluded that all plants
were made of cells, followed a year later by a German zoologist, ________________
______________________who concluded that all animals were made of cells

In 1855, German scientist _____________________ ___________________ observed cells
dividing under a microscope and concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells by cell
division

These observations led to the formation of the cell theory
Cell Theory
1) ____________________________________________________________________________
__
2) ____________________________________________________________________________
__
3) ____________________________________________________________________________
__
The Evolution of Cells

The first cells are thought to be simple, ___________________ ___________________

Autotrophic prokaryotes evolved, leading to the release of ______________________ into the
atmosphere

Eukaryotic cells evolved according to the ____________________________ theory.
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•Endosymbiotic
Theory states that some parts of the __________________ cells were at
one time free living cells.
•The
discovery of ___________ in both ________________and
___________________supports this theory
Why are cells so small???

Why do we have _____________________ small cells in the human body versus a couple
hundred large cells???

Because small cells are more ____________________

All substances that _______________or _________________ the cell must go through the
cell membrane

Small cells exchange substances more readily that large cells because they have a higher
__________________________________
Organisms can be classified based on their cell type

____________________
•______________________
•Single

celled organisms
circular strand of ____________
•No
________________ or membrane bound _____________________
•Ex:
_____________________ and _________________________
_____________________
•Single
celled or multi-cellular organisms
•DNA
housed in the ___________________
•Have
internal compartments known as _____________________
•Ex:
Protists, ________________, Plants and _______________________
Structures that ALL cells have
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1) _________________ __________________- surrounds the cell, separates the cell interior
and regulates what enters or leaves the cell
2) ____________________________- the cell interior
3) ________________________- the site of protein synthesis and regulation of cellular
activities
Cell Membrane

Forms the barrier between the _______________ and ______________________of the cell
•

Not rigid- moves __________________
Made up of______________ layers, known as the phospholipid bilayer
•
The bilayer has properties that mix well with water and properties that don’t, making it
____________________________
•
Semi-permeable means that the bilayer lets some substances through and others it
keeps out

Contains ______________________ proteins
•
Proteins located ________________ the phospholipids bilayer that move around fluidly
within the layer
•
These proteins can be used as _______________ ____________________, they can
help __________________ the cell, or they can aide in the ____________________ of
substances into and out of the cell
Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane
Ribosome

Place where ______________________ are made within the cell

Can be either __________________ _____________________ (in all cells) or
__________________ to organelles (eukaryotic cells only)
So what IS an organelle???
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
Small structures that perform _______________________ functions within the cell

Found in the ___________________________ of _________________________ cells
The Nucleus

Known as the “________________________” of the cell

Controls most cellular functions

Houses the _____________________ ________________________, DNA

Surrounded by a double membrane known as the ______________________
______________________

Typically the _____________________ organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances throughout
the cell

Attached to the nuclear membrane

2 Types:
•_____________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Looks “rough” because there are ________________________ attached to it
• Transports________________________ made by these ribosomes in vesicles
• ________________________ are small membrane bound sacs that transport
proteins
•
_____________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Makes lipids (fats) and breaks down __________________________ substances
Golgi Apparatus

______________________________ and distribution center for the cell

Enzymes modify, sort and package the proteins received from the ____________________ on
the endoplasmic reticulum

Looks like a stack of ___________________________
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Lysosomes

Small, spherical organelles that contain the cell’s _______________________________
enzymes

Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
Mitochondria

Known as the “_______________________” of the cell

Most of the cell’s ______________________ (ATP) is made in the mitochondria
•
Cells that require _____________ energy have ____________________ mitochondria (ex.
muscle cells)

Site of _____________________ ________________________

Has it’s own ________________
Movement of Proteins throughout the cell
____________ in the nucleus tells the cell what proteins to make  ____________ make the
proteins on the rough endoplasmic reticulum when are then packaged into vesicles 
______________ transport proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus 
_______________ _____________________ repackages the proteins into new vesicles and
ships them out into the cell, some of them leave the cell
Organelles Unique to Plant Cells

There are 3 organelles that are present in _________________ cells but not in
______________ cells
1) Cell wall
2) Chloroplasts
3) Central Vacuole
Cell Wall

Thick wall surrounding the plant cell made of _________________ and
____________________, including cellulose
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
Helps _____________________ and maintain the _________________ of the cell

Protects the cell from __________________

________________________ cells with adjacent cells

Found ______________________ the cell membrane
Chloroplast

Site of ______________________________(the process of converting light energy to food,
glucose)

Contain their own _______________
Central Vacuole

Large membrane bound sac that stores ________________, ____________________ and
_______________

When the vacuole is full, the cell is ______________

This allows the plant to ______________ _______________
Virus
Is a virus a cell??? Is it ALIVE???

Let’s review some properties of living things:

Made of _____________________

Require food (metabolize)

_________________________

Grow and develop

Have genetic material (DNA)

Maintain _____________________

Evolve
No, Viruses are not cells and they are ________________ _____________________!

Like many bacteria, viruses are _______________________, or disease causing agents

Unlike bacteria, viruses are not ______________________
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
Viruses are made of a protein coat called a ____________________ that contains their
DNA and an _______________________ that surrounds capsid to help the virus enter
cells

Unlike bacteria and other living organisms, viruses lack the necessary enzymes for
____________________
•

This is why ______________________ do not kill viruses
Like bacteria and living organisms, Viruses DO have their own DNA but they DO NOT have
structures to make proteins so they need a ________________ _____________________ to
replicate the DNA
•
Because of this viruses cannot _________________, grow or develop on their own like
other living organisms
Viral Reproduction

There are many different types of viruses that can exist in many different
__________________depending on the type of host cell they target
•Viruses

must have a host cell in order to __________________
For Example, the ______________ virus specifically targets the T cells of the immune system
via specific receptor sites.

Once it finds the site, it enters the cell and reproduces
___________________ Cycle
• Viral genes enter the cell, the host replicates the viral genes and makes viral
__________________
• These viral proteins are then assembled to make new ____________________
• The host cell then breaks open and releases the virus, _____________________
the host cell

____________________ Cycle
• Viral ________________ enter the host cell and become part of the host cell’s
DNA
• When the host cell replicates, the viral DNA replicates as well _____________
destroying the host cell
• This is called a ____________________
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Cellular Transport

Cells maintain ___________________ by controlling what enters and leaves the cell
through the cell membrane

Some substances move across the membrane without using any ________________, this
is known as _______________________ ________________________

Other substances that move across the membrane require the use of energy and this is
known as _______________________ ________________________
Crossing the Cell Membrane

Remember, the cell membrane is __________________________________, or selectively
permeable

The polar heads (top and bottom) of the membrane are _________________________ or
“water loving”

The nonpolar tails (middle) of the membrane are _____________________________ or “water
fearing”

Because of this, some substance pass easily through the membrane while others do not

Small molecules and large hydrophobic molecules pass _______________ through the
membrane
•

Ex: ________________, carbon dioxide and water pass easily through
_________________ (charged particles), hydrophilic molecules larger than water and
proteins
do not move through the membrane on their own
•Ex:
__________________ and ______________________ need help getting through the
membrane
Passive Transport

NO _________________ IS REQUIRED!!!!

____________________ transport occurs when substance move from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration, or _________________________ the
concentration gradient
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•
A __________________ __________________________ is the difference in
concentration of a substance on one side of a membrane versus the other side of a
membrane

This movement can occur across the cell membrane or with the help of the proteins
embedded in the cell membrane
Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion
•
The movement of a substance from _________________ concentration to
__________________ concentration
•
Diffusion will continue to occur until the concentration of a substance
is__________________ throughout space, or has reached ________________________
Drawing:
Osmosis

The diffusion of ______________________

Occurs when water molecules move from an area of ________________
___________________ to an area of __________________ ________________________
concentration

Water molecules are very small and can diffuse _____________________ across the cell
membrane
Movement of Water into and out of the Cell

Cell in a _____________________ solution (hyper means above)
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•
If the fluid outside the cell has a ___________________ concentration of dissolved
substances than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse out of the cell causing the cell to
__________________
Drawing:

Cell in a _____________________ solution (the hippo is under the table, hypo means below)
•
If the fluid outside the cell has a _____________________ concentration of dissolved
substances than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cell causing the cell to
_______________________
Drawing:

Cell in an isotonic solution
•
If the concentration of dissolved substances is the __________________ inside and
outside of the cell, no net water movement occurs and the cell will stay the
______________________ _____________________
Drawing:
Facilitated Diffusion

Uses _______________________ proteins to move molecules that can not cross the cell
membrane on their own from areas of ________________________ concentration to
______________________ concentration
Types of Transport proteins

_________________________ Proteins
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•Are
embedded in the cell membrane and have a pore for materials, primarily
____________, to cross

_________________________ Proteins
•Change
_________________ to move molecules from one side of the membrane to the
other
_____________________ Transport

Transport of a substance ___________________ the concentration gradient is known as
ACTIVE transport because it REQUIRES ______________________
•
Materials are moved from areas of ____________ concentration to ________________
concentration
•
This energy is supplied in the from of ___________________
Sodium-Potassium Pump

A form of active transport in which________ sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and
__________ potassium ions are pumped into the cell against their concentration gradients
Movement of Big Items

_____________________ (endo means into)
•The
movement of substances _______________ a cell by a vesicle
Drawing:

_____________________ (exo means exit)
•The
movement of substance ________________ of a cell by a vesicle
Drawing:
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