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Transcript
The Cell Notes History of the Cell In 1665, ______________ ________________ used a crude microscope to observe a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells) Noticed “little boxes” which he then named cells because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in that they called their cells In 1673, _________________ ______________________, a microscope maker, was the first to observe living organisms using a microscope •He observed organisms from pond water and from scrapings from his teeth In 1838, German botanist _______________ ____________________ concluded that all plants were made of cells, followed a year later by a German zoologist, ________________ ______________________who concluded that all animals were made of cells In 1855, German scientist _____________________ ___________________ observed cells dividing under a microscope and concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells by cell division These observations led to the formation of the cell theory Cell Theory 1) ____________________________________________________________________________ __ 2) ____________________________________________________________________________ __ 3) ____________________________________________________________________________ __ The Evolution of Cells The first cells are thought to be simple, ___________________ ___________________ Autotrophic prokaryotes evolved, leading to the release of ______________________ into the atmosphere Eukaryotic cells evolved according to the ____________________________ theory. 1 •Endosymbiotic Theory states that some parts of the __________________ cells were at one time free living cells. •The discovery of ___________ in both ________________and ___________________supports this theory Why are cells so small??? Why do we have _____________________ small cells in the human body versus a couple hundred large cells??? Because small cells are more ____________________ All substances that _______________or _________________ the cell must go through the cell membrane Small cells exchange substances more readily that large cells because they have a higher __________________________________ Organisms can be classified based on their cell type ____________________ •______________________ •Single celled organisms circular strand of ____________ •No ________________ or membrane bound _____________________ •Ex: _____________________ and _________________________ _____________________ •Single celled or multi-cellular organisms •DNA housed in the ___________________ •Have internal compartments known as _____________________ •Ex: Protists, ________________, Plants and _______________________ Structures that ALL cells have 2 1) _________________ __________________- surrounds the cell, separates the cell interior and regulates what enters or leaves the cell 2) ____________________________- the cell interior 3) ________________________- the site of protein synthesis and regulation of cellular activities Cell Membrane Forms the barrier between the _______________ and ______________________of the cell • Not rigid- moves __________________ Made up of______________ layers, known as the phospholipid bilayer • The bilayer has properties that mix well with water and properties that don’t, making it ____________________________ • Semi-permeable means that the bilayer lets some substances through and others it keeps out Contains ______________________ proteins • Proteins located ________________ the phospholipids bilayer that move around fluidly within the layer • These proteins can be used as _______________ ____________________, they can help __________________ the cell, or they can aide in the ____________________ of substances into and out of the cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane Ribosome Place where ______________________ are made within the cell Can be either __________________ _____________________ (in all cells) or __________________ to organelles (eukaryotic cells only) So what IS an organelle??? 3 Small structures that perform _______________________ functions within the cell Found in the ___________________________ of _________________________ cells The Nucleus Known as the “________________________” of the cell Controls most cellular functions Houses the _____________________ ________________________, DNA Surrounded by a double membrane known as the ______________________ ______________________ Typically the _____________________ organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum Extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances throughout the cell Attached to the nuclear membrane 2 Types: •_____________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum • Looks “rough” because there are ________________________ attached to it • Transports________________________ made by these ribosomes in vesicles • ________________________ are small membrane bound sacs that transport proteins • _____________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum •Makes lipids (fats) and breaks down __________________________ substances Golgi Apparatus ______________________________ and distribution center for the cell Enzymes modify, sort and package the proteins received from the ____________________ on the endoplasmic reticulum Looks like a stack of ___________________________ 4 Lysosomes Small, spherical organelles that contain the cell’s _______________________________ enzymes Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells Mitochondria Known as the “_______________________” of the cell Most of the cell’s ______________________ (ATP) is made in the mitochondria • Cells that require _____________ energy have ____________________ mitochondria (ex. muscle cells) Site of _____________________ ________________________ Has it’s own ________________ Movement of Proteins throughout the cell ____________ in the nucleus tells the cell what proteins to make ____________ make the proteins on the rough endoplasmic reticulum when are then packaged into vesicles ______________ transport proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus _______________ _____________________ repackages the proteins into new vesicles and ships them out into the cell, some of them leave the cell Organelles Unique to Plant Cells There are 3 organelles that are present in _________________ cells but not in ______________ cells 1) Cell wall 2) Chloroplasts 3) Central Vacuole Cell Wall Thick wall surrounding the plant cell made of _________________ and ____________________, including cellulose 5 Helps _____________________ and maintain the _________________ of the cell Protects the cell from __________________ ________________________ cells with adjacent cells Found ______________________ the cell membrane Chloroplast Site of ______________________________(the process of converting light energy to food, glucose) Contain their own _______________ Central Vacuole Large membrane bound sac that stores ________________, ____________________ and _______________ When the vacuole is full, the cell is ______________ This allows the plant to ______________ _______________ Virus Is a virus a cell??? Is it ALIVE??? Let’s review some properties of living things: Made of _____________________ Require food (metabolize) _________________________ Grow and develop Have genetic material (DNA) Maintain _____________________ Evolve No, Viruses are not cells and they are ________________ _____________________! Like many bacteria, viruses are _______________________, or disease causing agents Unlike bacteria, viruses are not ______________________ 6 Viruses are made of a protein coat called a ____________________ that contains their DNA and an _______________________ that surrounds capsid to help the virus enter cells Unlike bacteria and other living organisms, viruses lack the necessary enzymes for ____________________ • This is why ______________________ do not kill viruses Like bacteria and living organisms, Viruses DO have their own DNA but they DO NOT have structures to make proteins so they need a ________________ _____________________ to replicate the DNA • Because of this viruses cannot _________________, grow or develop on their own like other living organisms Viral Reproduction There are many different types of viruses that can exist in many different __________________depending on the type of host cell they target •Viruses must have a host cell in order to __________________ For Example, the ______________ virus specifically targets the T cells of the immune system via specific receptor sites. Once it finds the site, it enters the cell and reproduces ___________________ Cycle • Viral genes enter the cell, the host replicates the viral genes and makes viral __________________ • These viral proteins are then assembled to make new ____________________ • The host cell then breaks open and releases the virus, _____________________ the host cell ____________________ Cycle • Viral ________________ enter the host cell and become part of the host cell’s DNA • When the host cell replicates, the viral DNA replicates as well _____________ destroying the host cell • This is called a ____________________ 7 Cellular Transport Cells maintain ___________________ by controlling what enters and leaves the cell through the cell membrane Some substances move across the membrane without using any ________________, this is known as _______________________ ________________________ Other substances that move across the membrane require the use of energy and this is known as _______________________ ________________________ Crossing the Cell Membrane Remember, the cell membrane is __________________________________, or selectively permeable The polar heads (top and bottom) of the membrane are _________________________ or “water loving” The nonpolar tails (middle) of the membrane are _____________________________ or “water fearing” Because of this, some substance pass easily through the membrane while others do not Small molecules and large hydrophobic molecules pass _______________ through the membrane • Ex: ________________, carbon dioxide and water pass easily through _________________ (charged particles), hydrophilic molecules larger than water and proteins do not move through the membrane on their own •Ex: __________________ and ______________________ need help getting through the membrane Passive Transport NO _________________ IS REQUIRED!!!! ____________________ transport occurs when substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, or _________________________ the concentration gradient 8 • A __________________ __________________________ is the difference in concentration of a substance on one side of a membrane versus the other side of a membrane This movement can occur across the cell membrane or with the help of the proteins embedded in the cell membrane Types of Passive Transport Diffusion • The movement of a substance from _________________ concentration to __________________ concentration • Diffusion will continue to occur until the concentration of a substance is__________________ throughout space, or has reached ________________________ Drawing: Osmosis The diffusion of ______________________ Occurs when water molecules move from an area of ________________ ___________________ to an area of __________________ ________________________ concentration Water molecules are very small and can diffuse _____________________ across the cell membrane Movement of Water into and out of the Cell Cell in a _____________________ solution (hyper means above) 9 • If the fluid outside the cell has a ___________________ concentration of dissolved substances than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse out of the cell causing the cell to __________________ Drawing: Cell in a _____________________ solution (the hippo is under the table, hypo means below) • If the fluid outside the cell has a _____________________ concentration of dissolved substances than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cell causing the cell to _______________________ Drawing: Cell in an isotonic solution • If the concentration of dissolved substances is the __________________ inside and outside of the cell, no net water movement occurs and the cell will stay the ______________________ _____________________ Drawing: Facilitated Diffusion Uses _______________________ proteins to move molecules that can not cross the cell membrane on their own from areas of ________________________ concentration to ______________________ concentration Types of Transport proteins _________________________ Proteins 10 •Are embedded in the cell membrane and have a pore for materials, primarily ____________, to cross _________________________ Proteins •Change _________________ to move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other _____________________ Transport Transport of a substance ___________________ the concentration gradient is known as ACTIVE transport because it REQUIRES ______________________ • Materials are moved from areas of ____________ concentration to ________________ concentration • This energy is supplied in the from of ___________________ Sodium-Potassium Pump A form of active transport in which________ sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and __________ potassium ions are pumped into the cell against their concentration gradients Movement of Big Items _____________________ (endo means into) •The movement of substances _______________ a cell by a vesicle Drawing: _____________________ (exo means exit) •The movement of substance ________________ of a cell by a vesicle Drawing: 11