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Transcript
Plant Cell Structure and Function A plant cell is made up of many different organelles all needed to be able to function properly. Nucleus The nucleus of the plant cell contains most of the DNA/genetic information. It acts as the brain of the cell. It helps control reproduction, movement and many other things. Only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Nucleolus This is an organelle inside the nucleus. It is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Golgi Body (also called the Golgi Apparatus or Golgi complex) This is a flat, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The Golgi body puts proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles to export from the cell. Ribosomes This is where protein synthesis occurs. The proteins that are made can be used as enzymes or to help other functions inside the cell. Ribosomes are made up of approximately 60% RNA and 40% protein. They are very small organelles and they are usually found floating around in the cytoplasm or in the endoplasmic reticulum. Without ribosomes, the plant cell would not work because of the lack of proteins and amino acids. Lysosomes These are rarely found in plant cells. They contain digestive enzymes that break down damaged or old cell parts, as well bacteria. Because of the acidic conditions inside it, each lysosome is surrounded by its own membrane. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER) This is a big system of interconnected, membranous sack’s that is found in the cell’s cytoplasm. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough look. Rough ER transport materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or to the cell membrane). Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER) A big system of interconnected, membranous tubes that are found in the cell’s cytoplasm. The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER moves materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newlymade proteins and lipids to the Golgi body and membranes. Mitochondria This is a spherical or rod-shaped organelle with a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded many times, making a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondria change the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. Microtubules These are like conveyer belts inside the cell. They move vesicles, granules and organelles like mitochondria and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. They can work alone or together with other proteins to form more complex structures (cilia, flagella or centrioles). Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the liquid that fills cells. It has many different molecules dissolved inside it. It contains enzymes, fatty acids and amino acids. Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane is found in all living cells. It is a thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell and is found inside the cell wall. It is semi-permeable, letting some substances pass into the cell, but making sure the organelles in it don’t escape. It is also like a barrier, stopping unwanted substances getting through. The membrane is made up of proteins and phospholipids. The proteins help move molecules around the cell. If a cell didn’t have a plasma membrane, none of the organelles would stay inside it, and therefore it would not be able to function. Plastids Plastids are major organelles found in plant cells. They are responsible for photosynthesis and store products like starch. They also help to synthesise fatty acids as well as many other things. If a plant cell didn’t have plastids, it would not be able to gain nutrition through photosynthesis, and therefore it wouldn’t survive. This is why it is such an essential organelle in a plant cell. Vacuole This is a sac containing water or storage products. Most living plant cells have one or more large storage vacuoles that take up much of the space in the cell, pushing the cytoplasm outwards. They also function in waste disposal and growth. Chloroplasts They are long, disc-shaped organelles containing chlorophyll. Photosynthesis (the process in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy – food) takes place in the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are quite large and contain layers of flat membranes arranged as piles of discs. Their green colour is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Cell Wall Outside the cell membrane of plant cells there is a cell wall made of cellulose – a chemical similar in structure to fingernails! This material gives plant cells their shape and firmness. Amylosplast An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like fruits. Centrosome (microtubule organizing centre) A small body located near the nucleus – it has a crowded centre containing tubules. The centrosome is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. Here is a picture of various parts of a plant cell working together. All of the organelles in a plant cell are needed for it to function properly. They all have their own roles to keep the cell running, and without any of them, the cell would simply not work. Chantelle 12DIN