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Biotechnology Key Terms and Concepts *Refer to textbook for more detail I. Biotechnology A. Definition-use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans B. Much of biotechnology deals with analyzing and manipulating genomes of organisms at the molecular level (DNA technology) C. Genome-complete set of an organism’s genetic material D. Human genome project– a project aimed at sequencing the human genome and identifying its genes E. Recombinant DNA technologytechnology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule II. Some basic tools of biotechnology A. Bacteria-used to mass produce desired genes and proteins B. Plasmids 1.“Extra” DNA that bacteria often carry 2.Can be manipulated to move foreign genes into bacteria C. Restriction enzymes 1.Molecular “scissors” 2.Can cut DNA into small pieces D. Nucleic acid probe-radioactively labeled nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific DNA sequence III. Examples of biotechnology A. Cloning-a technique used to achieve a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. Cloning is how scientists make a genetic duplicate of an organism. Cloning has the potential to mass produce an animal with a desirable set of traits. B. Genetic engineering-any type of alteration in the genetic make-up of an organism. 1. Humans create genetically modified plants and animals (GMOs) for a variety of reasons. including increased nutrition and pest resistance 2. Transgenic-an organism that has genes from more than one species due to genetic modification C. Gel Electrophoresis 1. Process used to separate different DNA segments 2. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into short and long fragments. Fragments are then pulled along a gel for a certain time period. 3. DNA fingerprint- a person’s unique banding pattern on an electrophoresis gel based upon the restriction fragments of their DNA