* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download HW packet.cell structure and organization
Survey
Document related concepts
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name: ___________________________________ Science Department Date: ________________________ Essential Biology Unit Two Worksheet: Cell Structure and Organization 1. What did Zacharias Janssen do? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What was Robert Hooke’s major accomplishment? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What did Matthias Schleiden conclude? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What did Theodore Schwann conclude? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How did Rudolf Virchow contribute to biology? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the cell membrane made of? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the function of the cell membrane? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe the two parts of a phospholipid and include how they react to water. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Name the three types of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Include their functions. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What characteristics of the cell membrane led to our description of it being called the fluid-mosaic model? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What is the nucleus? _________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. What does the nucleus contain? What does this material do? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. What is the nucleolus and what does it do? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. What are the two types of cells? 1. _______________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________ 18. What is the difference between these two types of cells? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Vacuoles, Vesicles, Lysosomes 19. What are vacuoles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the function of a vacuole? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Describe the vacuole in a plant cell. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 22. What does the pressure of the central vacuole allow a plant to do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What is the vacuole in a paramecium called? ________________________________ 24. What does the vacuole in a paramecium do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 25. What are vesicles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What do vesicles do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Lysosomes are the ________________________________ of the cell. (3 words) 28. What do lysosomes do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 29. If lysosomes don’t remove cellular “junk,” what can happen? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What do lysosomes contain? ________________________ 31. What do these enzymes in lysosomes do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 32. What is the main problem for people with Tay-Sachs disease? (what are they missing?) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 33. Because they lack a lysosome enzyme, people with Tay-Sachs disease can’t break down what? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 34. When the phospholipids can’t be broken down, they begin to ___________________________. This interferes with _______________ ________________, particularly in the ______________. 35. Lysosomes are thought to be involved with __________________ ________ _______. This process is used when it is beneficial for a cell to _________. 36. Name 2 examples of when it is beneficial for a cell to die. a. _____________________________ b. ______________________________ 37. As a result of being used for programmed cell death, lysosomes have the nickname __________________ _________. 38. Lysosomes are found in _____________ cells and in a few specialized _______________ cells. The Cytoskeleton 39. The cytoskeleton is a network of ________________ _______________ that provides eukaryotic cells with their _______________, ______________ ___________________, and ability to _______. 40. What are the 2 main parts of the cytoskeleton? a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ 41. What are microfilaments? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Microfilaments produce a ____________ yet ______________ framework that helps to support the cell. 43. How do microfilaments help a cell to move? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 44. What are microtubules? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 45. Microtubules are major part of what two cellular projections? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ 46. Cilia are tiny hairlike projections that move like __________ ______ while flagella are long ____________________ tails. Both help the cell to swim through _________________. 47. How are microtubules important in cell division? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 48. What does the mitotic spindle do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 49. What are centrioles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 50. __________________ cells have centrioles but _______________ cells do not. Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus 51. Why is a big part of the cell devoted to protein production and distribution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 52. What happens on ribosomes? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 53. What are ribosomes made of and where are they found? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 54. How do ribosomes produce proteins? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 55. What cells would have large numbers of ribosomes? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 56. What is unique about ribosomes in terms of the two types of cells? (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 57. What do the letters ER stand for? ____________________________________________ 58. The endoplasmic reticulum is an ________________ _______________ _____________. 59. ___________ components of the cell membrane as well as _____________ and other materials are assembled on the ER. 60. What are the 2 kinds of ER? a. _______________________ b. ______________________ 61. Rough ER has _____________________ attached to it while ______________ ER does not have ribosomes attached. 62. Rough ER is involved in the synthesis of _________________. 63. Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, or _______________, from the cell. 64. Many ______________ proteins and proteins destined for ______________ or other specialized locations within the cell are made on the rough ER. 65. What does smooth ER contain? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 66. List two specialized tasks associated with enzymes contained in the smooth ER. a. _________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________ 67. What does the Golgi apparatus look like? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 68. What happens to proteins after they leave the rough ER and proceed to the Golgi apparatus? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69. Proteins are bundled into tiny __________________ that bud from the ER and carry them to the Golgi apparatus. 70. The Golgi apparatus _______________, _______________, and ________________ proteins and other materials from the rough ER. The proteins are then shipped to their final ______________________ inside or outside of the cell. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria 71. Which cells contain chloroplasts? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 72. Chloroplasts are like _____________ _____________ ____________. 73. What do chloroplasts do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 74. What energy conversions happen during photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 75. Describe the arrangement of membranes in a chloroplast. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 76. The green pigment inside a chloroplast is called ______________________. 77. What types of cells contain mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 78. Mitochondria are the _________________ of the cell. 79. What do mitochondria do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 80. What energy conversions take place in the mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 81. Describe how the membranes are arranged in a mitochondrion. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 82. How are mitochondria inherited in humans? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 83. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic _____________________ in the form of small __________ __________________. 84. How can mitochondrial DNA be helpful in doing family research? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Cell Membrane and Cell Wall 85. What is the name of the model used to examine the composition of the cell membrane? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 86. Name two different reasons why some substances may not be able to move across the cell membrane freely. a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ 87. What does selectively permeable or semipermeable mean? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 88. What is the main function of the cell wall? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 89. Why are cell walls so important for plants? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 90. How are the cell walls of plants useful to humans? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 91. What organisms have cell walls? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 92. How are plant cell walls different from other organisms’ cell walls? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 93. Explain why it is important for the cell wall to be porous. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Endosymbiotic Theory and Cell Size 94. When was the idea of endosymbiotic theory first proposed? ___________________________ 95. Who made the theory well known? ___________________________ 96. Where did this person work? ________________________________ 97. During what time period did Lynn Margulis focus on endosymbiotic theory? ______________ 98. What is endosymbiotic theory? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 99. What are the four pieces of evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory? a. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 100. Endosymbiotic theory includes the idea that a large prokaryotic cell __________________ (surrounded) a small prokaryotic cell. 101. But instead of being ________________________ as food, the small engulfed bacteria remained inside the larger cell. 102. Eventually, these engulfed __________________ lost their ability to live ____________________ and became organelles within the larger cell. 103. The result of all this was a ________________________ cell. 104. Almost all eukaryotic cells are about ________________ to ___________ big. 105. Size often depends on the ___________________________. 106. Cells obtain ___________________ and get rid of _________________ through the cell membrane. 107. As cells grow, there is less _______________________ of the cell (where the membrane is) for each part of ________________ (where the cytoplasm and organelles are located). 108. _________________________ increases more rapidly than ________________________. In other words, cytoplasm increases more rapidly than cell membrane. 109. Therefore, the cell can’t bring in _________________ and take out ____________ fast enough. 110. Another factor in cell size (besides the cell membrane) is the ______________________ 111. The nucleus can only control so much __________________ and still keep up with the cell’s __________________________. So the cell has to stay SMALL to survive.