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Transcript
Name: ___________________________________ Science Department Date: ________________________ Essential Biology Unit Two Worksheet: Cell Structure and Organization 1. What did Zacharias Janssen do? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What was Robert Hooke’s major accomplishment? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What did Matthias Schleiden conclude? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What did Theodore Schwann conclude? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How did Rudolf Virchow contribute to biology? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the cell membrane made of? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the function of the cell membrane? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe the two parts of a phospholipid and include how they react to water. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Name the three types of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Include their functions. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What characteristics of the cell membrane led to our description of it being called the fluid-mosaic model? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What is the nucleus? _________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. What does the nucleus contain? What does this material do? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. What is the nucleolus and what does it do? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. What are the two types of cells? 1. _______________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________ 18. What is the difference between these two types of cells? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Vacuoles, Vesicles, Lysosomes 19. What are vacuoles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the function of a vacuole? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Describe the vacuole in a plant cell. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 22. What does the pressure of the central vacuole allow a plant to do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What is the vacuole in a paramecium called? ________________________________ 24. What does the vacuole in a paramecium do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 25. What are vesicles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What do vesicles do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Lysosomes are the ________________________________ of the cell. (3 words) 28. What do lysosomes do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 29. If lysosomes don’t remove cellular “junk,” what can happen? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What do lysosomes contain? ________________________ 31. What do these enzymes in lysosomes do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 32. What is the main problem for people with Tay-Sachs disease? (what are they missing?) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 33. Because they lack a lysosome enzyme, people with Tay-Sachs disease can’t break down what? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 34. When the phospholipids can’t be broken down, they begin to ___________________________. This interferes with _______________ ________________, particularly in the ______________. 35. Lysosomes are thought to be involved with __________________ ________ _______. This process is used when it is beneficial for a cell to _________. 36. Name 2 examples of when it is beneficial for a cell to die. a. _____________________________ b. ______________________________ 37. As a result of being used for programmed cell death, lysosomes have the nickname __________________ _________. 38. Lysosomes are found in _____________ cells and in a few specialized _______________ cells. The Cytoskeleton 39. The cytoskeleton is a network of ________________ _______________ that provides eukaryotic cells with their _______________, ______________ ___________________, and ability to _______. 40. What are the 2 main parts of the cytoskeleton? a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ 41. What are microfilaments? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 42. Microfilaments produce a ____________ yet ______________ framework that helps to support the cell. 43. How do microfilaments help a cell to move? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 44. What are microtubules? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 45. Microtubules are major part of what two cellular projections? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ 46. Cilia are tiny hairlike projections that move like __________ ______ while flagella are long ____________________ tails. Both help the cell to swim through _________________. 47. How are microtubules important in cell division? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 48. What does the mitotic spindle do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 49. What are centrioles? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 50. __________________ cells have centrioles but _______________ cells do not. Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus 51. Why is a big part of the cell devoted to protein production and distribution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 52. What happens on ribosomes? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 53. What are ribosomes made of and where are they found? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 54. How do ribosomes produce proteins? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 55. What cells would have large numbers of ribosomes? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 56. What is unique about ribosomes in terms of the two types of cells? (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 57. What do the letters ER stand for? ____________________________________________ 58. The endoplasmic reticulum is an ________________ _______________ _____________. 59. ___________ components of the cell membrane as well as _____________ and other materials are assembled on the ER. 60. What are the 2 kinds of ER? a. _______________________ b. ______________________ 61. Rough ER has _____________________ attached to it while ______________ ER does not have ribosomes attached. 62. Rough ER is involved in the synthesis of _________________. 63. Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, or _______________, from the cell. 64. Many ______________ proteins and proteins destined for ______________ or other specialized locations within the cell are made on the rough ER. 65. What does smooth ER contain? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 66. List two specialized tasks associated with enzymes contained in the smooth ER. a. _________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________ 67. What does the Golgi apparatus look like? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 68. What happens to proteins after they leave the rough ER and proceed to the Golgi apparatus? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69. Proteins are bundled into tiny __________________ that bud from the ER and carry them to the Golgi apparatus. 70. The Golgi apparatus _______________, _______________, and ________________ proteins and other materials from the rough ER. The proteins are then shipped to their final ______________________ inside or outside of the cell. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria 71. Which cells contain chloroplasts? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 72. Chloroplasts are like _____________ _____________ ____________. 73. What do chloroplasts do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 74. What energy conversions happen during photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 75. Describe the arrangement of membranes in a chloroplast. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 76. The green pigment inside a chloroplast is called ______________________. 77. What types of cells contain mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 78. Mitochondria are the _________________ of the cell. 79. What do mitochondria do? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 80. What energy conversions take place in the mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 81. Describe how the membranes are arranged in a mitochondrion. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 82. How are mitochondria inherited in humans? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 83. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic _____________________ in the form of small __________ __________________. 84. How can mitochondrial DNA be helpful in doing family research? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Cell Membrane and Cell Wall 85. What is the name of the model used to examine the composition of the cell membrane? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 86. Name two different reasons why some substances may not be able to move across the cell membrane freely. a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ 87. What does selectively permeable or semipermeable mean? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 88. What is the main function of the cell wall? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 89. Why are cell walls so important for plants? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 90. How are the cell walls of plants useful to humans? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 91. What organisms have cell walls? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 92. How are plant cell walls different from other organisms’ cell walls? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 93. Explain why it is important for the cell wall to be porous. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Endosymbiotic Theory and Cell Size 94. When was the idea of endosymbiotic theory first proposed? ___________________________ 95. Who made the theory well known? ___________________________ 96. Where did this person work? ________________________________ 97. During what time period did Lynn Margulis focus on endosymbiotic theory? ______________ 98. What is endosymbiotic theory? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 99. What are the four pieces of evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory? a. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 100. Endosymbiotic theory includes the idea that a large prokaryotic cell __________________ (surrounded) a small prokaryotic cell. 101. But instead of being ________________________ as food, the small engulfed bacteria remained inside the larger cell. 102. Eventually, these engulfed __________________ lost their ability to live ____________________ and became organelles within the larger cell. 103. The result of all this was a ________________________ cell. 104. Almost all eukaryotic cells are about ________________ to ___________ big. 105. Size often depends on the ___________________________. 106. Cells obtain ___________________ and get rid of _________________ through the cell membrane. 107. As cells grow, there is less _______________________ of the cell (where the membrane is) for each part of ________________ (where the cytoplasm and organelles are located). 108. _________________________ increases more rapidly than ________________________. In other words, cytoplasm increases more rapidly than cell membrane. 109. Therefore, the cell can’t bring in _________________ and take out ____________ fast enough. 110. Another factor in cell size (besides the cell membrane) is the ______________________ 111. The nucleus can only control so much __________________ and still keep up with the cell’s __________________________. So the cell has to stay SMALL to survive.
