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Transcript
STUDY GUIDE – THE CELL Cell Theory *1. All organisms composed of one or more cells. *2. Cell is smallest living organizational unit. *3. Cells arise only from division of other cells. TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic cells : simplest organisms: very small size (uni-cellular). No nucleus. (They have DNA) Strong cell walls and ribosomes Lack membrane-bound organelles inside the cell. Ex. Bacteria and viruses Eukaryotic cells: complex cells: larger size (uni- and multi-cellular) Central nucleus containing DNA Membrane bound organelles (like ER, vacuoles, mitochondria, etc.) Ex. Animals, plants, and fungi ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES Nucleus: Control center of cell. Cilia: Short hairs on cell membrane used for movement. Flagella: Long hairs on cell membrane used for movement. Cell Membrane: Thin covering of all cells. Controls what enters or leaves the cell. (semi-permeable for cell transport) Cytoplasm: The jelly-like liquid insides of a cell. Found between all cell organelles. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of cell. Chemically "burns" sugar to make energy for cell to use. (cellular respiration) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Tubes for transport and manufacture of large molecules. Rough ER: contains ribosomes for making proteins Smooth ER : Lack ribosomes so smooth surfaced tubes. Ribosomes: Place where cell proteins are made. Golgi Apparatus: Place where molecules are packaged into vesicles (for exocytosis). Vacuoles: Bubbles or "bags" for storage of food, water, chemicals, or wastes. Lysosomes: hold digestive enzymes. Help get rid of wastes or to digest cell food. PLANT CELL ORGANELLES Cell Wall: Tough outer covering of all plant cells. Made of cellulose. Support, structure, and protection. Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (Changes light energy into sugar energy). Contain green pigment chlorophyll Central Vacuole: Large storage site for water in plants. CELLULAR TRANSPORT Passive transport: does not require energy . Moves DOWN a concentration gradient. Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from high to low. High Low Hypertonic: higher inside than outside Water moves out of the cell (shrinks) Ex. Freshwater fish in saltwater or salt on a slug Hypotonic: higher outside than inside Water moves into the cell (swells) Ex. Saltwater plant in freshwater Isotonic: equal concentration inside and outside Equilibrium = no movement of water Facilitated Diffusion: helper proteins in the cell membrane allow larger molecules through the membrane. Active Transport: requires energy. Moves against (UP) a concentration gradient (low to high ) Protein pumps: proteins “pump” molecules from low to high using ATP. Endocytosis: cell membrane surrounds molecules, forming a vesicle, and brings them INTO the cell. Exocytosis: a vesicle containing large molecules makes an opening and squeezes the molecules OUT of the cell.