Download DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMERY QUESTIONS

DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMERY QUESTIONS 2015
1) Where is the Genetic Information Permanently stored? How is it Stored? Why is it stored there?
Why does it have to be transcribed to get its information to the rest of the cell?
Where: DNA (in the Nucleus)
How: Sequence of Nucleotide Nitrogen Bases
Why: Nucleus protects DNA and keeps it Centrally Located
Transcribed: Because DNA Surrounded by Nuclear Membrane (Trapped)
2) List Three (3) reasons why mRNA is only single stranded molecule?
1) Copies only One HALF of DNA, only needs to be Single
2) Travels to Ribosomes: They are designed for Single Strand
3) Needs to be able to Get OUT of the Nucleus - Small to fit through Pores
3) What is Translation? Why is the Codon / Anticodon alignment important?
Why is the order of the amino acids in a protein important? (Hint: Tertiary 30 and Quaternary 40 shape)
Translation: The Decoding of mRNA
Codon/Anticodon: Alignment keeps the proper order of Amino Acids
Order: The Order of Amino Acids is important for the SHAPE and FUNCTION
of the Protein
4) There can be 10 million to 20 million proteins in the average Human (Eukaryotic) cell.
a) Briefly explain HOW the cell can make so many different proteins.
b) Briefly explain WHY there are so many different proteins.
How: There are 3,000,000,000 Nitrogen Base Pairs in Human DNA.
That provides more than enough storage for different kinds of Proteins
Why: Enzymes are needed for EVERY chemical reaction
Muscles (Protein) makes up about Half your body weight
5) Making a protein is a multistep process. Put the following steps in the proper order.
1) In the Nucleus, DNA is “Unzipped”
2) mRNA makes a temporary copy of the DNA (Transcription)
3) mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore
4) mRNA attaches to a Ribosome
5) tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome
6) The amino acid on the tRNA is bonded to the chain of amino acids
7) The codon of the mRNA aligns with the anticodon of the tRNA (Translation)
8) The chain of amino acids (a Protein) is released from the ribosome
a. When you were assembling the DNA molecule, what did you notice about the orientation and direction
of the two opposite strands?
Mirror Images or Complimentary & Upside down in orientation
b. Define (DNA) replication.
Making an exact (Nucleotide SEQUENCE) copy of DNA with half of the
original DNA strand and half of a New DNA strand.
c. What DNA strand (of complimentary bases) would (Hydrogen) bond opposite the following?
S
T
P
S
G
P
S
G
P
S
A
P
S
P
C
S
S = Sugar
P = Phosphate
C
= Hydrogen Bond
A
C
C
T
G
G
d. Remember the molecular clock lab? The differences in amino acid sequences in the Cytochrome c protein
were due to differences in the DNA (that contains the information to make the amino acids)
Origin (Millions of Years)
Species
Number of Differences from
Human Cytochrome c
55
Horse (First)
6
430
Tuna (Bony Fish)
9
Question: How does the DNA of a yellow perch (fish) differ from Human DNA? How are they the same?
e. Which would be closer to Human DNA, yellow perch (fish) DNA or horse DNA? Explain.
Amino Acid Sequence is Determined by the DNA Nitrogen Base Sequence
More Differences in Amino Acid Sequence =
More Differences in DNA Nitrogen Base Sequence
Yellow Perch (Fish) 9 Amino Acid Differences > Horse 6 Differences
Fewer Amino Acid Differences = Fewer DNA Differences = Closer Related
Horse DNA closer to Human DNA because there are Fewer Differences
f. Tall is dominant over short in plants. A tall plant (phenotype) has the heterozygous genotype Tt.
What do BOTH of the letters, together, represent? What do each ONE letter, separately, represent?
Both Letters = Gene for Tall
One Letter = One Allele of the Gene for Tall
g. DNA’s function is to store information. How is the information ACTUALLY stored?
DNA Storage in the SEQUENCE of the Nucleotide (Nitrogen) Bases