* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMERY QUESTIONS
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMERY QUESTIONS 2015 1) Where is the Genetic Information Permanently stored? How is it Stored? Why is it stored there? Why does it have to be transcribed to get its information to the rest of the cell? Where: DNA (in the Nucleus) How: Sequence of Nucleotide Nitrogen Bases Why: Nucleus protects DNA and keeps it Centrally Located Transcribed: Because DNA Surrounded by Nuclear Membrane (Trapped) 2) List Three (3) reasons why mRNA is only single stranded molecule? 1) Copies only One HALF of DNA, only needs to be Single 2) Travels to Ribosomes: They are designed for Single Strand 3) Needs to be able to Get OUT of the Nucleus - Small to fit through Pores 3) What is Translation? Why is the Codon / Anticodon alignment important? Why is the order of the amino acids in a protein important? (Hint: Tertiary 30 and Quaternary 40 shape) Translation: The Decoding of mRNA Codon/Anticodon: Alignment keeps the proper order of Amino Acids Order: The Order of Amino Acids is important for the SHAPE and FUNCTION of the Protein 4) There can be 10 million to 20 million proteins in the average Human (Eukaryotic) cell. a) Briefly explain HOW the cell can make so many different proteins. b) Briefly explain WHY there are so many different proteins. How: There are 3,000,000,000 Nitrogen Base Pairs in Human DNA. That provides more than enough storage for different kinds of Proteins Why: Enzymes are needed for EVERY chemical reaction Muscles (Protein) makes up about Half your body weight 5) Making a protein is a multistep process. Put the following steps in the proper order. 1) In the Nucleus, DNA is “Unzipped” 2) mRNA makes a temporary copy of the DNA (Transcription) 3) mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore 4) mRNA attaches to a Ribosome 5) tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome 6) The amino acid on the tRNA is bonded to the chain of amino acids 7) The codon of the mRNA aligns with the anticodon of the tRNA (Translation) 8) The chain of amino acids (a Protein) is released from the ribosome a. When you were assembling the DNA molecule, what did you notice about the orientation and direction of the two opposite strands? Mirror Images or Complimentary & Upside down in orientation b. Define (DNA) replication. Making an exact (Nucleotide SEQUENCE) copy of DNA with half of the original DNA strand and half of a New DNA strand. c. What DNA strand (of complimentary bases) would (Hydrogen) bond opposite the following? S T P S G P S G P S A P S P C S S = Sugar P = Phosphate C = Hydrogen Bond A C C T G G d. Remember the molecular clock lab? The differences in amino acid sequences in the Cytochrome c protein were due to differences in the DNA (that contains the information to make the amino acids) Origin (Millions of Years) Species Number of Differences from Human Cytochrome c 55 Horse (First) 6 430 Tuna (Bony Fish) 9 Question: How does the DNA of a yellow perch (fish) differ from Human DNA? How are they the same? e. Which would be closer to Human DNA, yellow perch (fish) DNA or horse DNA? Explain. Amino Acid Sequence is Determined by the DNA Nitrogen Base Sequence More Differences in Amino Acid Sequence = More Differences in DNA Nitrogen Base Sequence Yellow Perch (Fish) 9 Amino Acid Differences > Horse 6 Differences Fewer Amino Acid Differences = Fewer DNA Differences = Closer Related Horse DNA closer to Human DNA because there are Fewer Differences f. Tall is dominant over short in plants. A tall plant (phenotype) has the heterozygous genotype Tt. What do BOTH of the letters, together, represent? What do each ONE letter, separately, represent? Both Letters = Gene for Tall One Letter = One Allele of the Gene for Tall g. DNA’s function is to store information. How is the information ACTUALLY stored? DNA Storage in the SEQUENCE of the Nucleotide (Nitrogen) Bases