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Transcript
N5- Unit 1 How do we improve the reliability of Repeat the experiment the results of an experiment? Why do we repeat experiments? To improve the reliability of the results How do we improve the validity of an By improving its design. For example, having experiment? all the reagents at the same temperature to start with, making sure that all conditions are the same (controlled variable) except for what is changed (independent/input variable). Why do we use % or % change as a To allow comparison between tissues which way to compare results? were different in their mass/ volume/ length at the start of the experiment. Why do we use different To prevent cross-contamination between the pipettes/syringes/measuring cylinders solutions. when setting up an experiment with If you have only one measuring cylinder, you solutions of different concentrations? need to start measuring the least concentrated solution first so that the cross contamination has a limited effect. CB1- Microscope To magnify an object so it appears larger 1-Why do we use a microscope? than it is. 2-More powerful lenses allow you to Less but in greater detail. see more/less of the sample 3-Why do we use stains? So that cell parts stand out. 4-Why do we use coverslips? So that the sample does not dry out. 5-To convert 1 mm into 1 μm X 1000 (micrometer)… 6-To convert 1 μm into 1 mm ÷ 1000 7-To calculate the total power of the Multiply the power of the eyepiece lens and microscope the power of the objective lens. CB1- Identifying cells and cell structure Animal cell: 1-mitochondrion, 2-cell membrane, 3-cytoplasm, 4-nucleus, 5ribosomes. 1 Plant cell: 1-cell wall, 2-mitochondrion, 3chloroplast, 4-cell membrane, 5-cytoplasm, 6vacuole, 7-nucleus, 8-ribosomes. 2 Bacterial cell: 1-cell membrane, 2-cell wall, 3ribosome, 4-nucleoid, 5-cytoplasm, 6-plasmid 3 Fungal cell: 1-cell wall, 2-mitochondrion, 3cell membrane, 4-cytoplasm, 5-vacuole, 6nucleus, 7-ribosome. 4 5-Function of cell membrane 6-Function of cytoplasm 7-Function of nucleus 8-Function of vacuole 9-Function of ribosome 10-Function of mitochondria 11-Function of cell wall 12-Function of chloroplast 13-Function of plasmid 14-Similarity/ difference between plant and fungal cell 15-Similarity/ difference between animal and fungal cell 16-Plant cell wall structure compared to fungal and bacterial cells 17- What is characteristic of a bacterial cell compared to all other cells? Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Where most chemical processes take place. Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell. Contains cell sap and can help keep cell structure rigid. Where protein synthesis happens Where most of the energy is released by respiration It strengthens and supports the cell. Contain the pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthesis happens here. Small circular piece of DNA in bacteria. Similar structures except that plant cell wall is made of cellulose and fungi have no chloroplasts. Similar structures except that animals cells have neither cell walls nor vacuoles. Only plant cell wall is made of cellulose. Absence of organelles (membrane bound structures such as mitochondrion, vacuole, nucleus) and a different cell wall structure to plant and fungal cells